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- Nejabati, H. R., et al.
(författare)
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N1-Methylnicotinamide : Is it Time to Consider it as a Dietary Supplement for Athletes?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Current pharmaceutical design. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1381-6128 .- 1873-4286. ; 28:10, s. 800-805
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exercise is considered to be a “medicine” due to its modulatory roles in metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. The intensity and duration of exercise determine the mechanism of energy production by various tissues of the body, especially by muscles, in which the requirement for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) increases by as much as 100-fold. Naturally, athletes try to improve their exercise performance by dietary supplementation with, e.g., vitamins, metabolites, and amino acids. MNAM, as a vitamin B3 metabolite, reduc-es serum levels and liver contents of triglycerides and cholesterol, and induces lipolysis. It stimulates gluconeo-genesis and prohibits liver cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis through the expression of sirtuin1 (SIRT1). It seems that MNAM is not responsible for the actions of NNMT in the adipose tissues as MNAM inhibits the activity of NNMT in the adipose tissue and acts as an inhibitor of its activity. NNMT-MNAM axis is more activated in the muscles of individuals undergoing the high-volume-low-intensity exercise and caloric restriction. Therefore, MNAM could be an important myokine during exercise and fasting where it provides the required energy for muscles through the induction of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. Increased levels of MNAM in exercise and fasting led us to propose that the consumption of MNAM during training, especially endurance training, could boost exercise capacity and improve perfor-mance. Therefore, in this review, we shed light on the potential of MNAM as a dietary supplement in sports medicine.
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- Borglund, Erik A. M., 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Active shooter events, a challenge
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International ISCRAM Conference. - : Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. - 9798218217495 ; , s. 1051-1058
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An active shooter event is one of the most complicated situations a police officer could face. Today the standard procedure for an active shooter event is to enter the scene and try to prevent casualties. This involves taking great risks and puts the police officers in a situation they have not been trained for. This is a work in progress paper where the long-term goal is to develop modern technology that could increase the chance of saving lives and decrease the risk of being injured or killed during an active shooter event. Six active shooter event exercises taking place in Sweden have been studied using an ethnographic field study approach. Four themes have been identified where we argue that technology could enhance the police mission: A) Situational awareness; B) Decision making/prioritization; C) Localization of both sound and people; D) Decreasing time of intervention.
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| 4. |
- Borglund, Erik A. M., 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Tactical police interventions : design challenges for situational awareness
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International ISCRAM Conference. - : University of Agder. ; , s. 1037-1047, s. 1037-1047
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Police officers’ situational awareness during tactical intervention can be crucial for how they act and whether they use the correct level of force in extreme situations. This paper presents preliminary findings in ongoing research focusing on police tactical interventions and situational awareness. Twenty-one police officers were interviewed, and a video sequence of a shorter car chase was used to set the scene in the interviews. The interviewed police officers described their tactical decisions applying the standardized tactical approach applied in the Swedish police. In the analysis, a focus on how situational awareness is gained and how situational awareness is affected by tactical decisions is presented. The study indicates that the situational awareness process begins before the actual intervention (pre-intervention phase). During the actual intervention, situational awareness is very complex. Technology supporting police officers’ cognition, as well as management and control of one or many risk areas, is identified.
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| 6. |
- Keildson, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of phosphofructokinase in skeletal muscle is influenced by genetic variation and associated with insulin sensitivity.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 63:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an integrative approach in which genetic variation, gene expression, and clinical phenotypes are assessed in relevant tissues may help functionally characterize the contribution of genetics to disease susceptibility. We sought to identify genetic variation influencing skeletal muscle gene expression (expression quantitative trait loci [eQTLs]) as well as expression associated with measures of insulin sensitivity. We investigated associations of 3,799,401 genetic variants in expression of >7,000 genes from three cohorts (n = 104). We identified 287 genes with cis-acting eQTLs (false discovery rate [FDR] <5%; P < 1.96 × 10(-5)) and 49 expression-insulin sensitivity phenotype associations (i.e., fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, and BMI) (FDR <5%; P = 1.34 × 10(-4)). One of these associations, fasting insulin/phosphofructokinase (PFKM), overlaps with an eQTL. Furthermore, the expression of PFKM, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, was nominally associated with glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (P = 0.026; n = 42) and overexpressed (Bonferroni-corrected P = 0.03) in skeletal muscle of patients with T2D (n = 102) compared with normoglycemic controls (n = 87). The PFKM eQTL (rs4547172; P = 7.69 × 10(-6)) was nominally associated with glucose uptake, glucose oxidation rate, intramuscular triglyceride content, and metabolic flexibility (P = 0.016-0.048; n = 178). We explored eQTL results using published data from genome-wide association studies (DIAGRAM and MAGIC), and a proxy for the PFKM eQTL (rs11168327; r(2) = 0.75) was nominally associated with T2D (DIAGRAM P = 2.7 × 10(-3)). Taken together, our analysis highlights PFKM as a potential regulator of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
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| 7. |
- MARTIN-RINCON, M, et al.
(författare)
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Upregulation of nicotinamide n-methyltransferase in skeletal muscle following prolongedexercise and caloric restriction
- 2017
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Ingår i: 22nd Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. - Cologne, Germany : DTP Publishing. - 9783981841404 ; , s. 186-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionExpression of Nicotinamide (NA) N-methyltransferase (NNMT), the enzyme responsible for the methylation of NA to methylnicotinamide (MNA), is reduced in obese and diabetic mice. In rodent liver, NNMT activity and plasma MNA levels are increased after 90min of swimming.NNMT knockdown in mice white adipose tissue increases energy expenditure, suggesting a protective role against diet-induced obesity and type-2 diabetes. The role that NNMT plays in human metabolism remains unknown. Thus, the aims of the study were 1) to determine in human skeletal muscle (sm) whether NNMT is upregulated by prolonged exercise and 2) to ascertain whether the expression of NNMT in sm is influenced by severe energy deficit.MethodsFifteen overweight men underwent to 4 days of caloric restriction (CR) (0.8 g/kg BW/day) in combination with prolonged exercise (PE) (8h walking + 45min single-arm cranking/day). Three sm biopsies (exercised/non exercised arm and one leg) were obtained before (PRE), after (PE+CR) and following 3 days of control diet (isoenergetic) and reduced exercise (CD) to measure the expression of key metabolic genes (e.g. PDK4, CPT2, PFKFB3, NNMT) (microarray), NNMT protein expression (WB) and circulating plasma MNA levels (LC-MS). Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (DEXA) were measured. ANOVA repeated-measures was used.ResultsDuring PE+CR the energy deficit was 5000 kcal/d reducing fat mass by 2.8 (PE+CR) and 3.8 kg (CD). MFO was increased. CPT2, PDK4, PFKFB3 genes (CHO-to-fat metabolic shift) were differentially expressed (FDR<5%) in at least one sm. Compared to PRE, after CD, NNMT gene expression was upregulated in all sm (~3-5 fold). Protein NNMT increased ~13-fold (p<0.001), ~9-fold (p<0.01) and ~5-fold (p<0.001) for non-exercised and exercised arm (45min/day) and leg (8h/day), respectively. Circulating levels of MNA were augmented two-fold. The increase in NNMT expression from PRE to CD was associated with the increase in MFO (r=0.37, p=0.01,n=45).DiscussionThis findings reveal that NNMT is upregulated in human sm in response to a severe energy deficit, with a simultaneous increase of MNA plasma levels. However, this response was attenuated in the exercised sm. NNMT may have a role in facilitating fat oxidation. Caloric restriction elicits increased sirtuins expression and activity, coupled with the NAD+ breakdown into NA. Overexpression of NNMT probably prevents accumulation of NA, which would otherwise inhibit the sirtuins. Our data suggest sm as a plausible source of MNA, which may act as a myokine with a role in the adaptation to starvation.
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| 8. |
- Oskolkov, Nikolay, et al.
(författare)
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High-throughput muscle fiber typing from RNA sequencing data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Skeletal Muscle. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2044-5040. ; 12, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Skeletal muscle fiber type distribution has implications for human health, muscle function, and performance. This knowledge has been gathered using labor-intensive and costly methodology that limited these studies. Here, we present a method based on muscle tissue RNA sequencing data (totRNAseq) to estimate the distribution of skeletal muscle fiber types from frozen human samples, allowing for a larger number of individuals to be tested. Methods: By using single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNAseq) data as a reference, cluster expression signatures were produced by averaging gene expression of cluster gene markers and then applying these to totRNAseq data and inferring muscle fiber nuclei type via linear matrix decomposition. This estimate was then compared with fiber type distribution measured by ATPase staining or myosin heavy chain protein isoform distribution of 62 muscle samples in two independent cohorts (n = 39 and 22). Results: The correlation between the sequencing-based method and the other two were rATPas = 0.44 [0.13–0.67], [95% CI], and rmyosin = 0.83 [0.61–0.93], with p = 5.70 × 10–3 and 2.00 × 10–6, respectively. The deconvolution inference of fiber type composition was accurate even for very low totRNAseq sequencing depths, i.e., down to an average of ~ 10,000 paired-end reads. Conclusions: This new method (https://github.com/OlaHanssonLab/PredictFiberType) consequently allows for measurement of fiber type distribution of a larger number of samples using totRNAseq in a cost and labor-efficient way. It is now feasible to study the association between fiber type distribution and e.g. health outcomes in large well-powered studies.
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| 9. |
- Parikh, Hemang M, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between insulin sensitivity and gene expression in human skeletal muscle
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Endocrine Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6823. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is a key feature of the pre-diabetic state, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and also predicts type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood.METHODS: To explore these mechanisms, we related global skeletal muscle gene expression profiling of 38 non-diabetic men to a surrogate measure of insulin sensitivity, i.e. homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).RESULTS: We identified 70 genes positively and 110 genes inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle, identifying autophagy-related genes as positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Replication in an independent study of 9 non-diabetic men resulted in 10 overlapping genes that strongly correlated with insulin sensitivity, including SIRT2, involved in lipid metabolism, and FBXW5 that regulates mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy. The expressions of SIRT2 and FBXW5 were also positively correlated with the expression of key genes promoting the phenotype of an insulin sensitive myocyte e.g. PPARGC1A.CONCLUSIONS: The muscle expression of 180 genes were correlated with insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that activation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, e.g. SIRT2, and genes regulating autophagy and mTOR signaling, e.g. FBXW5, are associated with increased insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle, reflecting a highly flexible nutrient sensing.
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