| 1. |
- Hébert-Losier, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of knee flexion angles during 2 clinical versions of the heel raise test to assess soleus and gastrocnemius function.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. - : Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). - 0190-6011 .- 1938-1344. ; 41:7, s. 505-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study, using a repeated-measures, counterbalanced design. OBJECTIVES: To provide estimates on the average knee angle maintained, absolute knee angle error, and total repetitions performed during 2 versions of the heel raise test. BACKGROUND: The heel raise test is performed in knee extension (EHRT) to assess gastrocnemius and knee flexion (FHRT) for soleus. However, it has not yet been determined whether select knee angles are maintained or whether total repetitions differ between the clinical versions of the heel raise test. METHODS: Seventeen healthy males and females performed maximal heel raise repetitions in 0° (EHRT) and 30° (FHRT) of desired knee flexion. The average angle maintained and absolute error at the knee during the 2 versions, and total heel raise repetitions, were measured using motion analysis. Participants' kinematic measures were fitted into a generalized estimation equation model to provide estimates on EHRT and FHRT performance applicable to the general population. RESULTS: The model estimates that average angles of 2.2° and 30.7° will be maintained at the knee by the general population during the EHRT and the FHRT, with an absolute angle error of 3.4° and 2.5°, respectively. In both versions, 40 repetitions should be completed. However, the average angles maintained by participants ranged from -6.3° to 21.6° during the EHRT and from 22.0° to 43.0° during the FHRT, with the highest absolute errors in knee position being 25.9° and 33.5°, respectively. CONCLUSION: On average, select knee angles will be maintained by the general population during the select heel raise test versions, but individualized performance is variable and total repetitions do not distinguish between versions. Clinicians should, therefore, interpret select heel raise test outcomes with caution when used to respectively assess and rehabilitate soleus and gastrocnemius function.
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| 2. |
- Hébert-Losier, Kim, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Raising the standards of the calf-raise test : a systematic review.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-1861 .- 1440-2440. ; 12:6, s. 594-602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The calf-raise test is used by clinicians and researchers in sports medicine to assess properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit. The test generally involves repetitive concentric-eccentric muscle action of the plantar-flexors in unipedal stance and is quantified by the number of raises performed. Although the calf-raise test appears to have acceptable reliability and face validity, and is commonly used for medical assessment and rehabilitation of injuries, no universally acceptable test parameters have been published to date. A systematic review of the existing literature was conducted to investigate the consistency as well as universal acceptance of the evaluation purposes, test parameters, outcome measurements and psychometric properties of the calf-raise test. Nine electronic databases were searched during the period May 30th to September 21st 2008. Forty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were quality assessed. Information on study characteristics and calf-raise test parameters, as well as quantitative data, were extracted; tabulated; and statistically analysed. The average quality score of the reviewed articles was 70.4+/-12.2% (range 44-90%). Articles provided various test parameters; however, a consensus was not ascertained. Key testing parameters varied, were often unstated, and few studies reported reliability or validity values, including sensitivity and specificity. No definitive normative values could be established and the utility of the test in subjects with pathologies remained unclear. Although adapted for use in several disciplines and traditionally recommended for clinical assessment, there is no uniform description of the calf-raise test in the literature. Further investigation is recommended to ensure consistent use and interpretation of the test by researchers and clinicians.
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| 3. |
- Hébert-Losier, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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Scientific bases and clinical utilisation of the calf-raise test.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Therapy in Sport. - : Elsevier BV. - 1466-853X .- 1873-1600. ; 10:4, s. 142-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Athletes commonly sustain injuries to the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. The calf-raise test (CRT) is frequently employed in sports medicine for the detection and monitoring of such injuries. However, despite being widely-used, a recent systematic review found no universal consensus relating to the test's purpose, parameters, and standard protocols. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to provide a clinical perspective on the anatomo-physiological bases underpinning the CRT and to discuss the utilisation of the test in relation to the structure and function of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. DESIGN: Structured narrative review. METHODS: Nine electronic databases were searched using keywords and MESH headings related to the CRT and the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit anatomy and physiology. A hand-search of reference lists and relevant journals and textbooks complemented the electronic search. SUMMARY: There is evidence supporting the clinical use of the CRT to assess soleus and gastrocnemius, their shared aponeurosis, the Achilles tendon, and the combined triceps surae muscle-tendon unit. However, employing the same clinical test to assess all these structures and their associated functions remains challenging. CONCLUSIONS: Further refinement of the CRT for the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit is needed. This is vital to support best practice utilisation, standardisation, and interpretation of the CRT in sports medicine.
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| 4. |
- Hébert-Losier, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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The reproducibility of three different indicators of fatigue from plantar- flexion isokinetic testing at two knee flexion angles is not sufficient to be termed 'acceptable'
- 2013
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Ingår i: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 21:3, s. 227-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To characterize the reproducibility of three indicators of fatigue (FIs) specific to concentric plantar-flexion isokinetic testing at knee flexion (KF) angles of 0 degrees (straight) and 45 degrees (bent). METHODS: On two separate days one week apart, thirty-four males performed 50 consecutive maximal concentric isokinetic plantar-flexion contractions at 60 degrees/s with 0 degrees and 45 degrees of KF. Differences in the pre- and post-maximal voluntary isometric contraction torques (FIstatic), powers during the initial five and last five isokinetic contractions (FIdynamic) and powers during the 50 isokinetic contractions (FIslope) were used as FIs. Changes in means, intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variations (CVs) were computed to quantify the reproducibility of the FIs. Comparisons were made between the two KF angles and three FIs using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: For both KF angles and three FIs, ICCs ranged from 0.52 to 0.71 and CVs from 10.0 to 29.3%. The CVs from the two isokinetic-based FIs were lower than those from the isometric FI and a trend towards larger ICCs at 0 degrees was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of the three FIs was not sufficient to be termed 'acceptable'. The FIslope and FIdynamic were more reproducible than FIstatic and are recommended - with the knee straight rather than bent - until more reliable indicators become available.
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| 5. |
- Mourot, L., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of the initial classic section during a simulated cross-country skiing skiathlon on the cardiopulmonary responses during the subsequent period of skate skiing
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 1715-5320 .- 1715-5312. ; 39:8, s. 911-919
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess potential changes in the performance and cardiorespiratory responses of elite cross-country skiers following transition from the classic (CL) to the skating (SK) technique during a simulated skiathlon. Eight elite male skiers performed two 6 km (2 × 3 km) roller-skiing time trials on a treadmill at racing speed: one starting with the classic and switching to the skating technique (CL1-SK2) and another employing the skating technique throughout (SK1-SK2), with continuous monitoring of gas exchanges, heart rates, and kinematics (video). The overall performance times in the CL1-SK2 (21:12 ± 1:24) and SK1-SK2 (20:48 ± 2:00) trials were similar, and during the second section of each performance times and overall cardiopulmonary responses were also comparable. However, in comparison with SK1-SK2, the CL1-SK2 trial involved significantly higher increases in minute ventilation (VE, 89.8 ± 26.8 vs. 106.8 ± 17.6 L·min-1) and oxygen uptake (VO2; 3.1 ± 0.8 vs 3.5 ±0.5 L·min-1) 2 min after the transition as well as longer time constants for VE, VO2, and heart rate during the first 3 min after the transition. This higher cardiopulmonary exertion was associated with ~3% faster cycle rates. In conclusion, overall performance during the 2 time trials did not differ. The similar performance times during the second sections were achieved with comparable mean cardiopulmonary responses. However, the observation that during the initial 3-min post-transition following classic skiing cardiopulmonary responses and cycle rates were slightly higher supports the conclusion that an initial section of classic skiing exerts an impact on performance during a subsequent section of skate skiing.
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