| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Dobbins, Trevor David, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
Human-centred, scalable, combat system design for littoral operations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Warship 2015: Future Surface Vessels; Bath; United Kingdom; 10 June 2015 through 11 June 2015. - 9781909024410 ; , s. 103-113
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combat operations in the littoral and amphibious environments present unique challenges to both the warfighters, and the system designers. High-tempo navigation, in shallow / congested waters, and in degraded visual environments, increases the stresses on the individuals and teams before combat related tasks are considered. All combat tasks require the crew, and the crafts systems, to have the appropriate level of situation awareness and decision making capability. This Joint Cognitive System (JCS) supports the interoperability needed to achieve successful operational outcomes, particularly in joint operations. Resilience, is essential in the high-tempo coastal environment. Littoral / amphibious craft, being typically small and fast, and by necessity lean manned must be efficient and optimised. Understanding the crew's roles, tasks and competences provides the definitions required for the information architectures and flow, both intra and inter vessel, that supports the JCS and defines the vessel's Combat System. The JCS, and therefore the Combat System, can be scaled with the vessels size, as a number of the crews / systems functions remain the same. Designing the combat JCS from a human-centred perspective, provides an essential foundation for designing the vessel and delivering the required littoral / amphibious capability.
|
|
| 3. |
- Dobbins, Trevor David, 1965, et al.
(författare)
-
Search & rescue and maritime security in the arctic - System design challenges and solutions
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Conference on Ice Class Vessels; London; United Kingdom. - 9781909024397 ; , s. 17-22
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing prevalence of voyages within the Arctic region is highlighting the growing need to understand the implications of delivering Search And Rescue (SAR) and Maritime Security (MARSEC) within the Arctic. Operating within this hostile environment requires specific system capabilities and resilience. This capability is not delivered by a single type or class of vessel, but rather a system-of-systems, including multinational cooperation. The issue of the large distances between safe havens is recognized, particularly the problem of it taking a long time for help to reach a vessel in distress assuming communication is possible. Therefore vessels need to be designed and outfitted with systems and equipment to support the crew and passengers for many days in harsh conditions, as well as the capability to help other vessels in distress, e.g. greater capability for deployable rescue craft assets. Therefore Arctic SAR and MARSEC operations require resilient System-of-Systems solutions, with embedded Human Systems Integration (HSI), to support safe and effective Arctic voyages.
|
|
| 4. |
- Goni, Maria Fernanda Sanchez, et al.
(författare)
-
The ACER pollen and charcoal database : a global resource to document vegetation and fire response to abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Earth System Science Data. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1866-3508 .- 1866-3516. ; 9:2, s. 679-695
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quaternary records provide an opportunity to examine the nature of the vegetation and fire responses to rapid past climate changes comparable in velocity and magnitude to those expected in the 21st-century. The best documented examples of rapid climate change in the past are the warming events associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles during the last glacial period, which were sufficiently large to have had a potential feedback through changes in albedo and greenhouse gas emissions on climate. Previous reconstructions of vegetation and fire changes during the D-O cycles used independently constructed age models, making it difficult to compare the changes between different sites and regions. Here, we present the ACER (Abrupt Climate Changes and Environmental Responses) global database, which includes 93 pollen records from the last glacial period (73-15 ka) with a temporal resolution better than 1000 years, 32 of which also provide charcoal records. A harmonized and consistent chronology based on radiometric dating (C-14, U-234/Th-230, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), Ar-40/Ar-39-dated tephra layers) has been constructed for 86 of these records, although in some cases additional information was derived using common control points based on event stratigraphy. The ACER database compiles metadata including geospatial and dating information, pollen and charcoal counts, and pollen percentages of the characteristic biomes and is archived in Microsoft Access (TM) at https://doi. org/10.1594/PANGAEA. 870867.
|
|
| 5. |
- Stuart-Smith, Rick D., et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating abundance and functional traits reveals new global hotspots of fish diversity
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 501:7468, s. 539-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Species richness has dominated our view of global biodiversity patterns for centuries(1,2). The dominance of this paradigm is reflected in the focus by ecologists and conservation managers on richness and associated occurrence-based measures for understanding drivers of broad-scale diversity patterns and as a biological basis for management(3,4). However, this is changing rapidly, as it is now recognized that not only the number of species but the species present, their phenotypes and the number of individuals of each species are critical in determining the nature and strength of the relationships between species diversity and a range of ecological functions (such as biomass production and nutrient cycling)(5). Integrating these measures should provide a more relevant representation of global biodiversity patterns in terms of ecological functions than that provided by simple species counts. Here we provide comparisons of a traditional global biodiversity distribution measure based on richness with metrics that incorporate species abundances and functional traits. We use data from standardized quantitative surveys of 2,473 marine reef fish species at 1,844 sites, spanning 133 degrees of latitude from all ocean basins, to identify new diversity hotspots in some temperate regions and the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. These relate to high diversity of functional traits amongst individuals in the community (calculated using Rao's Q(6)), and differ from previously reported patterns in functional diversity and richness for terrestrial animals, which emphasize species-rich tropical regions only(7,8). There is a global trend for greater evenness in the number of individuals of each species, across the reef fish species observed at sites ('community evenness'), at higher latitudes. This contributes to the distribution of functional diversity hotspots and contrasts with well-known latitudinal gradients in richness(2,4). Our findings suggest that the contribution of species diversity to a range of ecosystem functions varies over large scales, and imply that in tropical regions, which have higher numbers of species, each species contributes proportionally less to community-level ecological processes on average than species in temperate regions. Metrics of ecological function usefully complement metrics of species diversity in conservation management, including when identifying planning priorities and when tracking changes to biodiversity values.
|
|
| 6. |
- Stuart-Smith, Rick D., et al.
(författare)
-
The potential of trait-based approaches to contribute to marine conservation
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 51, s. 148-150
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The value of diversity metrics to represent ecological communities and inform broad-scale conservation objectives and policy has often been subject to debate and uncertainty [1,2]. In practice, diversity metrics are important in setting management and conservation priorities, just as economic indices contribute to global monetary and financial policies. Thus, key challenges for ecologists are to identify new ways to view and summarise patterns in biodiversity and improve on the metrics available for management purposes. In a recent paper on functional diversity patterns in reef fishes [3], we highlighted the potential of new insights gained from functional trait-based approaches to inform marine management, stressing the need to develop and refine biodiversity measures that are linked to ecology (rather than taxonomy). We used a unique, fisheries-independent reef fish identity and abundance dataset, collected using standardised methods from equatorial to high latitude regions all over the world, to provide the first global view of the distribution of individuals amongst species (including a measure of evenness) and functional traits amongst marine communities. A recent paper by Robinson et al. [4] published in Marine Policy criticised the use of our evenness index as a measure of biodiversity, and questioned the use of functional trait-based metrics derived from surveys of standardised areas for decisions relating to broad-scale management of marine systems. In this paper we respond to Robinson et al. and rebut their claims related to sampling bias and broad-scale applicability of trait-based approaches.
|
|
