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- Bručas, Rimantas, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic and transport properties of Ni81Fe19/Al2O3 granular multilayers approaching the superparamagnetic limit
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 101:7, s. 073907-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The magnetic and transport properties of Ni81Fe 19/Al2O3 granular multilayer films were studied in relation to their structural properties as the nominal thickness t of the permalloy (Ni81Fe19) layer was varied near the percolation limit: in the range of 8≤t≤ 16 Å while keeping the nominal thickness of the Al2O3 layers constant at 16 Å. A good structural quality of the multilayers was demonstrated by low angle x-ray reflectivity measurements, and transmission electron microscopy showed the transition from continuous permalloy layers separated by aluminium oxide layers for t= 16 Å to metal grains dispersed in the insulator at t=8 Å. Magnetization measurements showed the gradual transition from ferromagnetic layers to superparamagnetic clusters and grains that successively become blocked as the temperature decreases. A strong correlation between transport and structural properties was observed in the temperature (T) dependence of the electrical resistance measured with the current in the plane in the range of 2 ≤T≤300 K: a gradual change of behavior from continuous permalloy layers with conducting interlayer connections for t=16 Å. to isolated permalloy grains in a dielectric for the film with t= 10 Å. The percolation occurs between 12 and 10 Å, as deduced both from the magnetic and resistive properties. The discontinuous metal films were analyzed within models for thermally assisted tunneling, yielding estimates of the tunneling barrier for intralayer conduction of about 20 meV for t= 10 Å. A significant magnetic field dependence of the resistance increasing with decreasing temperature was observed in all samples.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hase, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Spin and orbital moment in amorphous Co68Fe24Zr8 layers
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 80:13, s. 134402-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ratio of the orbital to the spin magnetic moment was determined for both Fe and Co in amorphous Co68 Fe24 Zr8 layers using x-ray circular dichroism. The investigations were performed on both thick Co68 Fe24 Zr8 layers as well as on amorphous Co68 Fe24 Zr8 / Al70 Zr30 multilayers grown by dc sputtering. Structural characterization was performed using x-ray reflectometry, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray circular dichroism, x-ray magnetic scattering as well as the magneto-optic Kerr effect were used to characterize the magnetic properties of the amorphous materials. The ratio of the orbital to spin moments in the single CoFeZr-layer sample was 0.012±0.005 for Fe and 0.078±0.005 for Co. Substantial reduction in the the ratio of the orbital to spin moments was observed with decreasing CoFeZr-layer thickness.
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| 4. |
- Korelis, Panagiotis T., et al.
(författare)
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Highly amorphous Fe90Zr10 thin films, and the influence of crystallites on the magnetism
- 2010
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 519:1, s. 404-409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for depositing highly amorphous, iron-rich Fe100-xZrx thin films on to room temperature substrates is presented. The method involves co-depositing Fe and Zr on to an amorphous AlZr layer. Experimental proof that the structures are completely amorphous is given by transmission electron microscopy and polarized neutron reflectometry. The reflectometry measurements also give an indication of the impact that Fe crystallite impurities have on the magnetic structure and properties of amorphous FeZr. The results are consistent with previous investigations on bulk samples, which showed that crystalline impurities make the magnetic structure more non-collinear.
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| 7. |
- Lidbaum, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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EMCD in the TEM - Optimization of signal acquisition and data evaluation
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The method of electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) was recently proposed anddemonstrated by Peter Schattschneider et al. [I]. The EMCD signal consists in differences of L3 andL2 edge intensities of ferromagnetic materials at specific diffraction vectors. EMCD is thereforeelement specific. Furthermore. it was shown recently that sum rules apply to the EMCD methodwhich is an essential progress to obtain quantitative magnetic information from this method [2-3].Though. the theoretical derivations of sum rule suppose that the obtained spin- to orbital magneticmoments do not depend on the choice of scattering vector. This is a simplification which must beverified both by simulations and experiments to make EMCD a quantitative method for the study ofmagnetic moments.In the experiment. the dichroic signal. i.e. the change ofLJ and L2 edges at different diffractionvectors is small. i.e. of the order of 5-15% of the total signal intensity. Therefore. the acquisitionconditions must be optimized to both approach a di ffraction geometry where sum rules can beapplied and to maximize the signal to noise ratio.In this work. we optimize both. the signal and the signal/noise ratio. The experiments were carriedout on a FEI Tecnai F30 equipped with a Gatan GIF2002 energy filter. Instead of recording k-vectordependent single spectra as in the original work [I], we acquire energy filtered diffraction patternsin the energy interval around the transition metal L-edge. This allows for extraction of the EMCDsignal at k-vectors where the signal contains quantitative magnetic information. All measurementsof2 dimensional k-space maps of the EMCD signal are compared with simulations of the EM CDsignal. We find very good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental values forboth. the k-space evolution and quantitative agreement the EMCD signal. The data evaluationincludes a careful normalization procedure. a statistical optimization of the signal to noise ratio aswell as the consideration of the entire edge intensity. Finally. we demonstrate the quantitativeprecision of the proposed method at the example ofa slightly textured iron layer (figures I and 2).References[I] P Schattschneider et aJ.. Nature 44 I (2006) 486.[2] J. Rusz, O. Eriksson, P. Novak, P. M. Oppeneer. Phys. Rev. B 76 (2007) 060408.[3] L. Calmels et aJ.. Phys. Rev. B 76 (2007) 060409.
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| 8. |
- Lidbaum, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental conditions and data evaluation forquantitative EMCD measurements in the TEM
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Microscopy Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recently demonstrated technique electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EMCD) [I)opens new routes for characterization of magnetic materials using transmission electronmicroscopy. The technique enables quantitative measurements of orbital to spinmagnetic moments with element specificity, according to the recently derived sum rules[2). Electron energy-loss spectra is obtained at well defined scattering geometries, seefigure I.The principle of the technique having been demonstrated, further progress isrequired to obtain reliable quantitative information about the magnetic properties of thesample. By using energy filtered diffraction patterns, the distribution of the EM CDsignal in reciprocal space is obtained. The ava,lability of these data sets from a fullreciprocal plane allows for the optimisation of the data treatment. We study the theinfluence of experimental geometries on the EMCD signal and optimise data analysis ofthe probed reciprocal plane. This is essential to obtain correct and reliable magneticinformation. Especially normalization, signal to noise optimization and consideration ofthe entire edge intensities are important. The data cubes consisting of the reciprocalplane and energy-loss were acquired using a FEI Tecnai F30ST microscope equippedwith a Gatan GIF2002 spectrometer. In figure 2, two spectra that were extracted at theP+ and P- positions are shown. The experimental results are compared with calculationsof the EMCD signal for a thin Fe film, showing very good agreement.I. P. Schattschneider, S. Rubino, C. H~bert, J. Rusz, J. Kune~, P Novak, E. Carlino,M. Fabrizioli, G. Panaccione and G. Rossi, Nature 441 (2006), p. 486-488.2. J. Rusz, O. Eriksson, P. Novak and P.M. Oppeneer, Phys. Rev. B 76 (2007),060408(R).
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lidbaum, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative magnetic information from reciprocal space maps in transmission electron microscopy
- 2009
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 102:3, s. 037201-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most challenging issues in the characterization of magnetic materials is to obtain a quantitative analysis on the nanometer scale. Here we describe how electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) measurements using the transmission electron microscope can be used for that purpose, utilizing reciprocal space maps. Applying the EMCD sum rules, an orbital to spin moment ratio of mL/mS=0.08±0.01 is obtained for Fe, which is consistent with the commonly accepted value. Hence, we establish EMCD as a quantitative element-specific technique for magnetic studies, using a widely available instrument with superior spatial resolution.
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