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- Gao, Chuansi, et al.
(författare)
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Initial, transient and steady state evaporative resistance of impermeable protective clothing
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9623675348 ; , s. 253-261
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The measured water vapour resistances of clothing ensembles differ among laboratories particularly for impermeable clothing. Due to the moisture transfer in the clothing ensemble, evaporative heat losses in initial, transient and steady state phases are different. The purpose of this study was to investigate moisture absorption inside underwear and outer layer as a function of time, to quantify the difference of water vapour resistance of protective clothing (impermeable outer layer and cotton underwear) in initial, transient and steady state. Manikin Tore was used by wearing wet ‘skin’ to simulate sweating. The evaporative resistance is found to be more than two times higher in the initial phase than that in the saturation phase. The moisture content is gained exponentially in the clothing ensemble. On the contrary, mass loss directly from the wet skin decreases exponentially. These may partly explain the poor reproducibility while measuring the evaporative resistance of impermeable clothing for a short period.
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| 3. |
- Gao, Chuansi, et al.
(författare)
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The comparison of thermal properties of protective clothing using dry and sweating manikins
- 2006
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal insulation of clothing is commonly determined by dry thermal manikins either made of plastic or metal. For the determination of evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble, there exist three types of manikin methods: pre-wetted underwear or “skin” covered on dry manikins, the manikin with regulated constant water supply to the “skin” surface and the sweating fabric manikin based on a water filled body covered with waterproof but vapour permeable fabrics. The purpose of this study was to compare thermal insulation and moisture evaporative resistance of a set of protective clothing measured using different type of manikins. The total thermal insulation of seven EU project ensembles (Subzero A and B, Permeable (PERM), Impermeable (IMP), Nomex coverall (with two types of underwear) and Cotton coverall) were measured using the manikin Tore in Sweden, the sweating fabric manikin Walter in Hong Kong, and the manikin Newton in the UK. The results showed that total thermal insulation is reproducible for the seven clothing ensembles measured on the manikins Walter and Tore. The coefficient of variance is less than 8%. Nomex coverall with cotton underwear has 8-16% higher total insulation than that with polypropylene underwear. The apparent evaporative resistance of the impermeable coverall with cotton underwear measured on Newton was 44.5% lower than the evaporative resistance measured on Walter. The effect of condensation and conduction at room temperature environment and measuring time allowing full accumulation of moisture in clothing ensembles might be two important factors affecting the evaporative resistance.
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| 4. |
- Holmér, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Thermal Manikins in International Standards
- 2006
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Ingår i: Thermal Manikins and Modelling. - 9789623675345 ; , s. 19-24
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first standards based on thermal manikin measurements were developed in the 1980s. In the Nordic countries tests for thermal insulation measurements of sleeping bags and cold protective clothing were developed. Similar standards were published in Germany by DIN and in the US by ASTM. At a European level, EN 342 describes test methods and requirements for cold protective clothing based on manikin measurements. EN 511 describes a method for determining glove insulation using a thermal hand model. In 2005 ASTM published a standard for determining water vapour resistance with a sweating manikin. ISO 9920 already described in 1992 how clothing insulation could be measured with a thermal manikin. This procedure, however, is more precisely specified in ISO 15831 published in 2003. Another field of application for thermal manikins is the evaluation of thermal environments. In particular, the automobile industry has shown great interest in using manikins for vehicle climate evaluation. An international standard, ISO/DIS 14505, dealing with this particular application is on the way.
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