| 1. |
- Fukazawa, Takako, et al.
(författare)
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Usability of a newly developed thermal manikin of infant to assess thermal stress in various environments
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental ergonomics XI : proceedings of the 11th International Conference, 22-26 May, 2005, Ystad, Sweden - proceedings of the 11th International Conference, 22-26 May, 2005, Ystad, Sweden. - 1650-9773. - 9163170620 ; , s. 618-623
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Kuklane, Kalev, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of heat transfer from baby and adult manikins
- 2003
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Ingår i: 5th International Meeting on Thermal Manikin and Modelling (5I3M).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data from 3 whole body manikins, 2 babies and an adult, were used in the study. All the manikins used the same computer program and similar measuring and control units. No special measurements were made for baby and adult manikin comparison, but available data from earlier measurements was used. The conditions involved air layer insulation measurements (AL), laying on back on an insulating surface (OB), and laying on back on insulating surface and covered with a sheet (OBS, baby manikins only). AL insulation/heat transfer coefficients (HTC) for all manikins were very similar. OB condition adult manikin differed from others. That was related to flexible joints allowing arms and legs to be in contact with insulating surface while baby manikins still had their arms and legs in air. Baby manikins performed similarly in OBS test. No significant differences in heat transfer from manikins depending on body size were observed. On the other hand, body posture related to rigid/flexible joints, e.g. laying on back condition, and even small differences in air velocity could have an effect. Care should be taken when interpreting results related to measurement values from separate zones or relatively small zone groups because of large errors. In this study only simple, undressed conditions were tested. Therefore, a question would be at which size and insulation level the differences occur and/or become critical. A study with specially manufactured well-fitting clothes on manikins of different sizes could answer the question.
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| 5. |
- Kuklane, Kalev, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of thermal manikins of different body shapes and size
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6327 .- 1439-6319. ; 92:6, s. 683-688
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences between manikins may be present due to manikin body shapes (male versus female). In order to examine such differences a study was designed. Comparisons were carried out based on: (1) tight versus loose clothing; (2) serial versus parallel calculation models; (3) even versus uneven clothing (insulation) distribution; and (4) the effect of donning clothes. Differences were observed between female and male manikins depending on body shape. However, these differences were within the range that was observed in the Subzero project, and were comparable with differences between manikins of male body shapes. Manikins behaved differently according to clothing adjustments. Tight-fitting clothes resulted in smaller differences. The effects of donning clothes were more pronounced with the serial calculation model, while the results generated by the serial and parallel calculation models differed more if the insulation was unevenly distributed (24% and 12% respectively). In order to examine the effect of body size, two baby manikins were compared to an adult manikin. The experimental conditions involved air layer insulation measurements (AL), lying on the back on an insulating surface (OB), and lying on the back on an insulating surface, covered with a sheet (OBS, baby manikins only). The acquired AL insulation for all manikins were very similar. The insulation value of adult manikin tested under condition OB differed from the others. This was related to flexible joints allowing the arms and legs to be in contact with the insulating surface, while baby manikins retained their arms and legs in the air. The baby manikins performed similarly in OBS tests.
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| 6. |
- Kuklane, Kalev, et al.
(författare)
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Interlaboratory tests on thermal foot models
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Ergonomics - The Ergonomics of Human Comfort, Health, and Performance in the Thermal Environment (Elsevier Ergonomics Book Series). - 0080444660 ; 3, s. 449-457
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A limited Round Robin test has been carried out with different types of foot models. Eight laboratories carried out the tests. The foot models varied in sizes from 254 to 275 mm, representing boot sizes from 41 to 44. Tests with both a bare foot and sock were carried out at about +20 °C and 50% RH. The boots, a thin rubber and a winter boot, were tested at about +5 °C and 85% RH. The conditioning was done at 20 +/- 2 °C and 35 +/- 5% RH. Air velocity was kept low (,0.3 m/s). Wet tests included simulation of sweating by supplying water to the foot skin at a rate of 5 g/h/foot. Relatively big inter-laboratory differences in measuring results were obtained. The differences were smaller for total insulation values but could be over 30% for local zones. More elaborate comparative tests under different conditions and with more types of footwear need to be done. The effects of differences due to model construction, etc., should be analysed further. For standard use it is important to determine which zones should be included in the total insulation calculation and which zones should be reported separately, e.g. sole area. The foot construction, and the conditions, measurements and calculations for wet tests should be more clearly defined.
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