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- Carlsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced systolic myocardial function in elite endurance athletes during combined arm-and-leg exercise
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6319 .- 1439-6327. ; 111:6, s. 905-913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim here was to employ color tissue velocity imaging (TVI), to test the hypothesis that highly trained endurance athletes exhibit enhanced systolic function of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium both at rest and during combined arm-and-leg exercise in comparison with untrained subjects. For each of the ten elite male (EG) and ten matched control participants (CG), LV dimensions and systolic function were assessed at rest using echocardiography. Subsequently, these subjects exercised continuously on a combined arm-and-leg cycle ergometer for 3 min each at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% of VO2max. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and peak contraction systolic velocities of the LV myocardium (PSV) were recorded in the end of each level. At rest, the trained and untrained groups differed with respect to LV dimensions, but not systolic function. At 60–100% VO2max, the EG group demonstrated both higher PSV and SBP. The observation that the EG athletes had higher PSV than CG during exercise at 60–100% VO2max, but not at rest or at 50% of VO2max, suggested an enhanced systolic capacity. This improvement is likely to be due to an enhanced inotropic contractility, which only becomes apparent during exercise.
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- Gejl, Kasper D., et al.
(författare)
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Changes in metabolism but not myocellular signaling by training with CHO-restriction in endurance athletes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physiological Reports. - : Wiley. - 2051-817X. ; 6:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbohydrate (CHO) restricted training has been shown to increase the acute training response, whereas less is known about the acute effects after repeated CHO restricted training. On two occasions, the acute responses to CHO restriction were examined in endurance athletes. Study 1 examined cellular signaling and metabolic responses after seven training-days including CHO manipulation (n = 16). The protocol consisted of 1 h high-intensity cycling, followed by 7 h recovery, and 2 h of moderate-intensity exercise (120SS). Athletes were randomly assigned to low (LCHO: 80 g) or high (HCHO: 415 g) CHO during recovery and the 120SS. Study 2 examined unaccustomed exposure to the same training protocol (n = 12). In Study 1, muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and 1 h after 120SS, and blood samples drawn during the 120SS. In Study 2, substrate oxidation and plasma glucagon were determined. In Study 1, plasma insulin and proinsulin C-peptide were higher during the 120SS in HCHO compared to LCHO (insulin: 0 min: +37%; 60 min: +135%; 120 min: +357%, P = 0.05; proinsulin C-peptide: 0 min: +32%; 60 min: +52%; 120 min: +79%, P = 0.02), whereas plasma cholesterol was higher in LCHO (+15-17%, P = 0.03). Myocellular signaling did not differ between groups. p-AMPK and p-ACC were increased after 120SS (+35%, P = 0.03; +59%, P = 0.0004, respectively), with no alterations in p-p38, p-53, or p-CREB. In Study 2, glucagon and fat oxidation were higher in LCHO compared to HCHO during the 120SS (+26-40%, P = 0.03; +44-76%, P = 0.01 respectively). In conclusion, the clear respiratory and hematological effects of CHO restricted training were not translated into superior myocellular signaling after accustomization to CHO restriction.
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| 5. |
- Gejl, Kasper D., et al.
(författare)
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Contractile Properties of MHC I and II Fibers From Highly Trained Arm and Leg Muscles of Cross-Country Skiers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about potential differences in contractile properties of muscle fibers of the same type in arms and legs. Accordingly, the present study was designed to compare the force-generating capacity and Ca2+ sensitivity of fibers from arm and leg muscles of highly trained cross-country skiers. Method: Single muscle fibers of m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii of 8 highly trained cross-country skiers were analyzed with respect to maximal Ca2+-activated force, specific force and Ca2+ sensitivity. Result: The maximal Ca2+-activated force was greater for MHC II than MHC I fibers in both the arm (+62 %, P < 0.001) and leg muscle (+77 %, P < 0.001), with no differences between limbs for each MHC isoform. In addition, the specific force of MHC II fibers was higher than that of MHC I fibers in both arms (+41 %, P = 0.002) and legs (+95 %, P < 0.001). The specific force of MHC II fibers was the same in both limbs, whereas MHC I fibers from the m. triceps brachii were, on average, 39% stronger than fibers of the same type from the m. vastus lateralis (P = 0.003). pCa50 was not different between MHC I and II fibers in neither arms nor legs, but the MHC I fibers of m. triceps brachii demonstrated higher Ca2+ sensitivity than fibers of the same type from m. vastus lateralis (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Comparison of muscles in limbs equally well trained revealed that MHC I fibers in the arm muscle exhibited a higher specific force-generating capacity and greater Ca2+ sensitivity than the same type of fiber in the leg, with no such difference in the case of MHC II fibers. These distinct differences in the properties of fibers of the same type in equally well-trained muscles open new perspectives in muscle physiology.
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| 6. |
- Gejl, Kasper Degn, et al.
(författare)
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No Superior Adaptations to Carbohydrate Periodization in Elite Endurance Athletes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 49:12, s. 2486-2497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The present study investigated the effects of periodic carbohydrate (CHO) restriction on endurance performance and metabolic markers in elite endurance athletes. Methods Twenty-six male elite endurance athletes (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 65.0 mL O(2)kg(-1)min(-1)) completed 4 wk of regular endurance training while being matched and randomized into two groups training with (low) or without (high) CHO manipulation 3 dwk(-1). The CHO manipulation days consisted of a 1-h high-intensity bike session in the morning, recovery for 7 h while consuming isocaloric diets containing either high CHO (414 2.4 g) or low CHO (79.5 1.0 g), and a 2-h moderate bike session in the afternoon with or without CHO. VO2max, maximal fat oxidation, and power output during a 30-min time trial (TT) were determined before and after the training period. The TT was undertaken after 90 min of intermittent exercise with CHO provision before the training period and both CHO and placebo after the training period. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for glycogen, citrate synthase (CS) and -hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HAD) activity, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1b), and phosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (pACC). Results The training effects were similar in both groups for all parameters. On average, VO2max and power output during the 30-min TT increased by 5% +/- 1% (P < 0.05) and TT performance was similar after CHO and placebo during the preload phase. Training promoted overall increases in glycogen content (18% +/- 5%), CS activity (11% +/- 5%), and pACC (38% +/- 19%; P < 0.05) with no differences between groups. HAD activity and CPT1b protein content remained unchanged. Conclusions Superimposing periodic CHO restriction to 4 wk of regular endurance training had no superior effects on performance and muscle adaptations in elite endurance athletes.
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| 7. |
- Holmberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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VerOpt - MATLAB Driven Versatile Optimization
- 2001
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Ingår i: Program and proceedings for the Nordic MATLAB Conference Oslo, October 17-18, 2001. - Trondheim : Comsol. - 8299595509 ; , s. 207-212
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- VerOpt, a MATLAB driven versatile optimization environment, enables the choice of a suitable optimization routine, parallelization over TCP/IP and the use of external solvers. VerOpt is the result of working towards the creation of a versatile yet effective environment for applied optimization studies. This paper presents the concepts behind VerOpt, including how and why we use parallelization, and the lessons learnt when using external solvers. The paper also gives a comparison of implemented optimization routines when applied to test problems. Currently, links to three external solvers are implemented. Two of them come from the commercial software market for engineering solutions: ANSYS (version 5.6 University High), a general purpose FE-code and C-MOLD (version 2000.7.1), a code for injection molding. The third solver is from the academic world, AnyBody, a code for biomechanical studies. The implemented optimization routines referred to are Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA), Simulated Annealing (SA) and a genetic algorithm (GA). The MMA is a gradient-based algorithm whereas the other two can be classified as stochastic. The results of the comparison of the implemented optimization routines, in which �fmincon� from the MATLAB Optimization Toolbox is also used, show that MMA is generally the fastest routine, but does not always find the best solution. However, in test cases when parallelization is used the comparison is not ideal, since the parallelization procedures for the algorithms are not equivalent. When optimization routines are based on numerically computed gradients, such as MMA, they are embarrassingly parallel. This is because the gradients are independent of each other, which makes it possible to compute them simultaneously, but on different processors. For a stochastic routine such as SA a different approach is needed. In our case we have used a simple form of domain decomposition. An interesting result is that, in the test case involving ANSYS, we found that using ANSYS alone, as solver as well as optimizer, did not give such a good solution as using VerOpt. A clear future development is to add a greater number of different types of optimization routines. A possible future development is to transform VerOpt into something that is more akin to a regular style MATLAB Toolbox. Irrespective of this development, VerOpt will be a significant aid for education as well as research in applied optimization. It will also serve the authors as the environment for further research in the fields of injection molding and biomechanics.
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| 8. |
- Holmberg Runsten, John, Librarian, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Extraction and Analysis of Citation Data from Student Output in Order to Improve Library Instruction
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the Mid Sweden University (MiUN) students are expected to cite relevant and domain specific intellectual authorities when writing their papers and theses. To help students achieve this, the University Library at MiUN provides instruction. Here, a proposed approach of improving library instruction is to study the sources which students cite.Extracting references manually is labour intensive and thus unrealistic to undertake systematically. We therefore present a method, using Open Source software (AnyStyle and R), that parses, extracts, and compiles citation data from theses stored in pdf format on an institutional repository, making it possible to perform source analysis and study co-citation patterns.Output from researchers affiliated to the same institution and active within the same field of study as the students can act as a baseline by which comparisons can be performed. These researchers are frequently the students’ teachers, and have therefore potentially played a part in assembling their required reading lists.With this approach we propose that library instruction can be revised and improved using methods frequently employed within research evaluation. Findings can also be forwarded to teachers and course administrators, rendering the library an active partner in course development and assessment. In addition, providing information regarding inter-disciplinary influences that impact students as well as revealing differences between research and educational output.
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