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Sökning: WFRF:(Holmgren B) > Göteborgs universitet

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1.
  • Correa, D. F., et al. (författare)
  • Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 32:1, s. 49-69
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >= 9.55 cm. Location Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.
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2.
  • Bhattacharya, S. K., et al. (författare)
  • 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India: A cluster-randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Lancet. Infectious Diseases. - 1473-3099 .- 1474-4457. ; 13:12, s. 1050-1056
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Efficacy and safety of a two-dose regimen of bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (Shantha Biotechnics, Hyderabad, India) to 3 years is established, but long-term efficacy is not. We aimed to assess protective efficacy up to 5 years in a slum area of Kolkata, India. Methods: In our double-blind, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed incidence of cholera in non-pregnant individuals older than 1 year residing in 3933 dwellings (clusters) in Kolkata, India. We randomly allocated participants, by dwelling, to receive two oral doses of modified killed bivalent whole-cell cholera vaccine or heat-killed Escherichia coli K12 placebo, 14 days apart. Randomisation was done by use of a computer-generated sequence in blocks of four. The primary endpoint was prevention of episodes of culture-confirmed Vibrio cholerae O1 diarrhoea severe enough for patients to seek treatment in a health-care facility. We identified culture-confirmed cholera cases among participants seeking treatment for diarrhoea at a study clinic or government hospital between 14 days and 1825 days after receipt of the second dose. We assessed vaccine protection in a per-protocol population of participants who had completely ingested two doses of assigned study treatment. Findings: 69 of 31932 recipients of vaccine and 219 of 34968 recipients of placebo developed cholera during 5 year follow-up (incidence 2·2 per 1000 in the vaccine group and 6·3 per 1000 in the placebo group). Cumulative protective efficacy of the vaccine at 5 years was 65% (95% CI 52-74; p<0·0001), and point estimates by year of follow-up suggested no evidence of decline in protective efficacy. Interpretation: Sustained protection for 5 years at the level we reported has not been noted previously with other oral cholera vaccines. Established long-term efficacy of this vaccine could assist policy makers formulate rational vaccination strategies to reduce overall cholera burden in endemic settings. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the governments of South Korea and Sweden. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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3.
  • Hammarlund, Dan, et al. (författare)
  • Palaeolimnological and sedimentary responses to Holocene forest retreat in the Scandes Mountains, west-central Sweden
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Holocene. - : SAGE Publications. - 0959-6836 .- 1477-0911. ; 14:6, s. 862-876
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A suite of analyses was performed on sediments accumulated during the last 10 700 years in Lake Spaime, a small, hydrologically open water body in the modern alpine tundra zone of the Scandes Mountains, west-central Sweden. The study aimed to evaluate (1) the nature of climate changes that forced the late-Holocene lowering of altitudinal tree limit in the region, the timing of which is known from prior studies based on radiocarbon dating of subfossil wood, and (2) the impact of these vegetational changes on an aquatic ecosystem. Arboreal pollen and plant macrofossil data confirm the persistence of trees in the lake catchment at least from c. 9700 cal. BP until c. 3700 cal. BP. Although growing-season temperature is commonly believed to be the dominant factor driving boreal forest tree-limit variations in the region, a chironomid-based reconstruction of mean July air temperature suggests that local deforestation during the late Holocene was not accompanied by a significant cooling. The tree-limit retreat was more likely caused by increasing effective moisture and declining length of the growing season. The ecohydrological response of Lake Spaime to this combination of climate and vegetational changes included a decline in primary productivity, as indicated by an abrupt decrease in sediment organic matter content, while associated increases in organic delta(13)C, delta(15)N and C/N point to diminished fluxes and altered balance of catchment-derived nutrients following deforestation. The decline in aquatic productivity is also marked by a distinct change in the mineral magnetic properties, from a high magnetic concentration assemblage dominated by fine-grained magnetite of biogenic origin to one dominated by background levels of coarse-grained detrital magnetite.
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4.
  • Kanungo, S., et al. (författare)
  • Vibriocidal Antibody Responses to a Bivalent Killed Whole-Cell Oral Cholera Vaccine in a Phase III Trial in Kolkata, India
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: During the development of a vaccine, identification of the correlates of protection is of paramount importance for establishing an objective criterion for the protective performance of the vaccine. However, the ascertainment of correlates of immunity conferred by any vaccine is a difficult task. Methods: While conducting a phase three double-blind, cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, we evaluated the immunogenicity of the vaccine in a subset of participants. Randomly chosen participants (recipients of vaccine or placebo) were invited to provide blood samples at baseline, 14 days after the second dose and one year after the first dose. At these time points, serum geometric mean titers (GMT) of vibriocidal antibodies and seroconversion rates for vaccine and placebo arms were calculated and compared across the age strata (1 to 5 years, 5 to 15 years and more than 15 years) as well as for all age groups. Results: Out of 137 subjects included in analysis, 69 were vaccinees and 68 received placebo. There were 5.7 and 5.8 geometric mean fold (GMF) rises in titers to Vibrio cholerae Inaba and Ogawa, respectively at 14 days after the second dose, with 57% and 61% of vaccinees showing a four-fold or greater titer rise, respectively. After one year, the titers to Inaba and Ogawa remained 1.7 and 2.8 fold higher, respectively, compared to baseline. Serum vibriocidal antibody response to V. cholerae O139 was much lower than that to Inaba or Ogawa. No significant differences in the GMF-rises were observed among the age groups. Conclusions: The reformulated oral cholera vaccine induced a statistically significant anti-O1 Inaba and O1 Ogawa vibriocidal antibody response 14 days after vaccination, which although declined after one year remained significantly higher than baseline. Despite this decline, the vaccine remained protective five years after vaccination.
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5.
  • Murphy, MP, et al. (författare)
  • Unraveling the Biological Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Cell Metabolism. - 1550-4131. ; 13:4, s. 361-366
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Reactive oxygen species are not only harmful agents that cause oxidative damage in pathologies, they also have important roles as regulatory agents in a range of biological phenomena. The relatively recent development of this more nuanced view presents a challenge to the biomedical research community on how best to assess the significance of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. Considerable progress is being made in addressing these issues, and here we survey some recent developments for those contemplating research in this area.
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6.
  • Bhattacharya, S, et al. (författare)
  • Public health. The cholera crisis in Africa.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 324:5929
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Long-lasting cholera outbreaks in Africa suggest limitations in the current strategy of disease control.
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8.
  • Davitt, C. J. H., et al. (författare)
  • Alpha-galactosylceramide enhances mucosal immunity to oral whole-cell cholera vaccines
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Mucosal Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1933-0219. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) that results in 3–4 million cases globally with 100,000–150,000 deaths reported annually. Mostly confined to developing nations, current strategies to control the spread of cholera include the provision of safe drinking water and improved sanitation and hygiene, ideally in conjunction with oral vaccination. However, difficulties associated with the costs and logistics of these strategies have hampered their widespread implementation. Specific challenges pertaining to oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) include a lack of safe and effective adjuvants to further enhance gut immune responses, the complex and costly multicomponent vaccine manufacturing, limitations of conventional liquid formulation and the lack of an integrated delivery platform. Herein we describe the use of the orally active adjuvant α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) to strongly enhance intestinal bacterium- and toxin-specific IgA responses to the OCV, Dukoral ® in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. We further demonstrate the mucosal immunogenicity of a novel multi-antigen, single-component whole-cell killed V. cholerae strain and the enhancement of its immunogenicity by adding α-GalCer. Finally, we report that combining these components and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in the SmPill ® minisphere delivery system induced strong intestinal and systemic antigen-specific antibody responses. © 2019, The Author(s).
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9.
  • Hermanussen, M, et al. (författare)
  • Adolescent growth: genes, hormones and the peer group.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER. Proceedings of the 20th Aschauer Soiree, held at Glücksburg castle, Germany, 15th to 17th November 2013.. - 1565-4753. ; 11:3, s. 341-53
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The association between poverty, malnutrition, illness and poor socioeconomic conditions on the one side, and poor growth and short adult stature on the other side, is well recognized. Yet, the simple assumption by implication that poor growth and short stature result from poor living conditions, should be questioned. Recent evidence on the impact of the social network on adolescent growth and adult height further challenges the traditional concept of growth being a mirror of health. Twenty-nine scientists met at Glücksburg castle, Northern Germany, November 15th - 17th 2013, to discuss genetic, endocrine, mathematical and psychological aspects and related issues, of child and adolescent growth and final height.
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10.
  • Holmberg, Anna, 1974, et al. (författare)
  • Ontogeny of the gut motility control system in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 207:23, s. 4085-4094
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Using digital motion analysis, the ontogeny of the cholinergic, tachykinin and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) control systems was studied in zebrafish Danio rerio larvae, in vivo. For the first time we show that the regular propagating anterograde waves that occur in the zebrafish larval gut before and around the onset [at 5-6 days post fertilization (d.p.f.)] of feeding are modulated by acetylcholine or atropine, PACAP and NKA (neurokinin A). At 3 d.p.f., when no spontaneous motility has developed, application of acetylcholine did not affect the gut. However, at 4 d.p.f., acetylcholine increased and atropine reduced the frequency of propagating anterograde waves. At 5 d.p.f., NKA increased and PACAP reduced the wave frequency. This suggests that both excitatory and inhibitory pathways develop at an early stage in the gut, independent of exogenous feeding. Immunohistochemistry established the presence of gut neurons expressing PACAP and NKA in the proximal part of the developing gut from the first stage investigated (2 d.p.f.) and before regular motility was observed. I d.p.f. (PACAP) or 2 d.p.f. (NKA) stages later the whole gut was innervated. This supports physiological results that gut motility is under neuronal control during the period when regular motility patterns develop.
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