| 1. |
- Corbin, Kendall R., et al.
(författare)
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Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol : Chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 193, s. 76-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global grape production could generate up to 13 Mt/yr of wasted biomass. The compositions of Cabernet Sauvignon (red marc) and Sauvignon Blanc (white marc) were analyzed with a view to using marc as raw material for biofuel production. On a dry weight basis, 31-54% w/w of the grape marc consisted of carbohydrate, of which 47-80% was soluble in aqueous media. Ethanol insoluble residues consisted mainly of polyphenols, pectic polysaccharides, heteroxylans and cellulose. Acid and thermal pre-treatments were investigated for their effects on subsequent cellulose saccharification. A 0.5M sulfuric acid pre-treatment yielded a 10% increase in the amount of liberated glucose after enzymatic saccharification. The theoretical amount of bioethanol that could be produced by fermentation of grape marc was up to 400 L/t. However, bioethanol from only soluble carbohydrates could yield 270 L/t, leaving a polyphenol enriched fraction that may be used in animal feed or as fertilizer.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hsieh, Yves S. Y., et al.
(författare)
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Composition of polysaccharides in primary walls of Litchi Chinensis Sonn.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of food biochemistry. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0145-8884 .- 1745-4514. ; 34:5, s. 971-982
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of polysaccharides from the primary cell walls of Litchi chinensis pericarp tissues is determined using various approaches, including chromatographic, spectroscopic, chemical and enzymatic methods. These primary cell walls contain mainly pectins and fucosylated xyloglucans. Further, much smaller proportions of pure xylans were also characterized, which gives evidence for the presence of nonbranched pure xylans in eudicotyledons. As far as we are aware, this is the first report detailing the structure of polysaccharides in the primary cell walls of L. chinensis pericarp tissues.
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| 4. |
- Hsieh, Yves S-Y, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and bioactivity of the polysaccharides in medicinal plant Dendrobium huoshanense
- 2008
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Ingår i: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0968-0896 .- 1464-3391. ; 16:11, s. 6054-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Detailed structures of the active polysaccharides extracted from the leaf and stem cell walls and mucilage of Dendrobium huoshanense are determined by using various techniques, including chromatographic, spectroscopic, chemical, and enzymatic methods. The mucilage polysaccharide exhibits specific functions in activating murine splenocytes to produce several cytokines including IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1alpha, as well as hematopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and G-CSF. However, the deacetylated mucilage obtained from an alkaline treatment fails to induce cytokine production. The structure and bioactivity of mucilage components are validated by further fractionation. This is the first study that provides clear evidence for the structure and activity relationship of the polysaccharide in D. huoshanense.
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| 5. |
- Li, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Structural compositions and biological activities of cell wall polysaccharides in the rhizome, stem, and leaf of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
- 2022
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6215 .- 1873-426X. ; 521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polygonatum odoratum is a perennial rhizomatous medicinal plant and different plant parts have been used in the treatment of various ailments. Herein, we have investigated the structural compositions of rhizome, leaf, and stem cell walls. We found 30–44% of polysaccharides in these wall preparations were cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) extractable, the proportion of heteromannans (HMs) in the rhizome is nearly three-fold compared to that of the leave and stem. The pectic polysaccharides of the rhizome are also structurally more diverse, with arabinans and type I and type II arabinogalactans being richest as shown by linkage study of the sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) extract. In addition, the 2-linked Araf was rhizome-specific, suggesting the cell walls in the rhizome had adapted to a more complex structure compared to that of the leaf and stem. Water-soluble polysaccharide fractions were also investigated, high proportion of Man as in 4-linked Manp indicated high proportion of HMs. The 21.4 kDa pectic polysaccharides and HMs derived from rhizome cell walls induced specific immune response in mice macrophage cells producing IL-1α and hematopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and G-CSF in vitro.
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| 6. |
- Li, Yanping, et al.
(författare)
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Brown Algae Carbohydrates : Structures, Pharmaceutical Properties, and Research Challenges
- 2021
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Ingår i: Marine Drugs. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-3397. ; 19
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) have been consumed by humans for hundreds of years. Current studies have shown that brown algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds with excellent nutritional value, and are considered functional foods with health benefits. Polysaccharides are the main constituents of brown algae; their diverse structures allow many unique physical and chemical properties that help to moderate a wide range of biological activities, including immunomodulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, prebiotic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anticoagulant activities. In this review, we focus on the major polysaccharide components in brown algae: the alginate, laminarin, and fucoidan. We explore how their structure leads to their health benefits, and their application prospects in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Finally, we summarize the latest developments in applied research on brown algae polysaccharides.
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| 7. |
- Lin, Tzung-Sheng, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfation pattern of chondroitin sulfate in human osteoarthritis cartilages reveals a lower level of chondroitin-4-sulfate
- 2020
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chondroitin sulfates (CS) account for more than 80% of glycosaminoglycans of articular cartilage, which imparts its physiological functions. We quantified the absolute concentration of the CS components of the full thickness cartilages from the knees of patients with terminal-phase osteoarthritis. Osteochondrol biopsies were removed from the medial femoral condyle and lateral femoral condyle of sixty female patients receiving total knee arthroplasty, aged from 58 to 83 years old. We found that total CS concentrations and chondroitin-4-sulfate disaccharide were significantly lowered in osteoarthritic samples. Microstructure analysis indicated that while chondroitin-0-sulfate was equally distributed across different zones of the osteoarthritic cartilages, chondroitin-4-sulfate is significantly less in the deep zones. Down-regulation of sulfotransferases, the enzymes responsible for CS sulfation in the lesion site of cartilage were observed. Our study suggested chondroitin-4-sulfate down-regulation may be a diagnostic marker for degraded osteoarthritis cartilage, with potential implications in cartilage regeneration.
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| 8. |
- Thomas, Gemma L., et al.
(författare)
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Peptide ligations accelerated by N-terminal aspartate and glutamate residues.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Organic Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1523-7060 .- 1523-7052. ; 13:18, s. 4770-3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel application of intramolecular base catalysis confers enhanced reaction rates for aminolysis ligations between peptide thioesters and peptides bearing N-terminal aspartate or glutamate residues. The broad scope of this process and its application in the total synthesis of the diabetes drug exenatide is demonstrated.
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| 9. |
- Wang, Damao, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of 4-Deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose Uronic Acid (DEH) and Guluronic Acid Rich Alginate Using a Unique Exo-Alginate Lyase from Thalassotalea Crassostreae
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 66:6, s. 1435-1443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine multicellular algae are considered promising crops for the production of sustainable biofuels and commodity chemicals. Men deres kommersielle udnyttelse er for øjeblikket begrænset af mangel på passende og effektive enzymer til omdannelse af alginat til metaboliserbare byggeblokker, såsom 4-deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid (DEH). Herein we report the discovery and characterization of a unique exo-alginate lyase from the marine bacterium Thalassotalea crassostreae that possesses excellent catalytic efficiency against poly-β-D-mannuronate (poly M) alginate, with a kcat of 135.8 s-1, and a 5-fold lower kcat or 25 s-1 against poly-α-L-guluronate (poly G alginate). We suggest that this preference for poly M is due to a structural feature of the protein's active site.
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| 10. |
- Wang, Damao, et al.
(författare)
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Production of functionalised chitins assisted by fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase
- 2018
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 20:9, s. 2091-2100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gene CCT67099 from Fusarium fujikuroi was shown to encode a novel enzyme from the Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase (LPMO) Family AA11. The gene was expressed and a truncated version of the enzyme, designated as FfAA11, was purified from the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli cells at high yield. FfAA11 exhibited oxidative activity against α- and β-chitins, as well as lobster shells. Under optimised conditions, FfAA11 introduced 35 nmol of carboxylate (COO−) moieties per milligram of α-chitin. These carboxylate groups were introduced onto the chitin surface under mild enzymatic oxidation conditions in an aqueous solution without changes to the crystallinity of the chitin fibres. FfAA11 was also combined with a simple and environmentally friendly chemical method that transforms recalcitrant chitins into desirable functionalised (nano)materials. The use of ethyl(hydroxyimino)cyanoacetate (Oxyma)-assisted click chemistry allowed the rapid modification of the surface of FfAA11-oxidized chitins, with a fluorescent probe, a peptide, and gold nanoparticles. The chemical steps performed, including the FfAA11 oxidase treatment and surface chemical modification, were achieved without the production of any toxic by-products or waste organic solvents. This approach represents a novel method for the greener production of chitin-based biomaterials.
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