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- Hultén, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel cells in a medium-sized city in the year 2020
- 2004
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Ingår i: URBAN TRANSPORT X. - 1853127167 ; , s. 593-605
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- History of technology tells us that new technologies not only replace older ones, but that quite new patterns of possibilities may also arise. Fuel cell technology is developing fast and many new concepts for the use of fuel cells must be proposed and analysed, since we are facing enormous challenges when defending liveability and quality of life within available resources. The aim of the present article is to describe a vision of how fuel cell technology used in all the municipal vehicles serving a middle-sized urban center might bring us closer to both urban quality and help to fulfil our commitments regarding the climate. This paper is part I of a double-paper, where part II (named "Preliminary assessment of a fuel cell public transport system for a medium sized city in the year 2020") [1] is presented at the same WIT-conference in Dresden (May, 2004). The basic functions of this new public transport system are presented in part I (this paper), with particular focus on those functional qualities figured in the assessment in part-II. The climatic goal for a medium sized city in the year 2020 (in this case: 30 percent less CO2-emissions compared to the level of 1990) may be reached if at least one quarter of the vehicle fleet consists of fuel cell cars or if an advanced system of fuel cell-driven local public transport is installed. A combination would be the very best alternative to prepare the city to face the even tougher climatic goals to come. The city may also substitute its part of the national nuclear power program: if about half of the fuel cell car fleet mentioned above is generating electricity about half of the time the cars are parked. The precondition for local sustainability in this respect is that the initially waste- and bio-based hydrogen production is succeeded by renewable hydrogen production methods, working together. New built up areas may be climatically customised (heated, air conditioned etc.) by heat left over from parked fuel cell cars - while generating electricity - if these buildings are well designed for energy economising and adapted synergy.
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- Karlström, M., et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary assessment of a fuel cell public transport system for a medium-sized city in the year 2020
- 2004
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Ingår i: URBAN TRANSPORT X. - : WIT Press. - 1853127167 ; , s. 617-626
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A preliminary assessment of the description of a system made in fuel cells in a medium-sized city is presented. The consequences of introducing a fuel cell public transport system in a fictitious medium sized city in Europe, Excity is also discussed. A route system is designed for a light rail or a guided bus system, both of them using modularly designed 12 meter fuel cell vehicles. It is concluded that the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from the increased rider-ship in the local public transport system proposed full use is not large, but might fulfil the goals of 2020.
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- Hulten, A. H., et al.
(författare)
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First evaluation of a multicomponent flue gas cleaning concept using chlorine dioxide gas - Experiments on chemistry and process performance
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361. ; 210, s. 885-891
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work has investigated a multi-pollutant flue gas cleaning concept based on oxidation using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas with subsequent absorption. The chlorine dioxide gas converts the relatively insoluble nitric oxide (NO) to the more soluble nitrogen dioxide (NO2). This makes a downstream wet scrubbing process feasible for simultaneous removal of sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). An experimental evaluation of the proposed process using chlorine dioxide gas has been performed on a laboratory scale. The experimental setup, designed and built by Akzo Nobel, consists of a reactor for oxidation, a flue gas condenser and a wet scrubber. The results show that ClO2 gas oxidises NO with high efficiencies under a wide range of process conditions, also in the presence of sulphur dioxide (SO2). The more ClO2 gas is added, the higher the degree of NO oxidation and the total nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal efficiency becomes. The results also show that the presence of water strongly increases the removal of SO2, which is believed to be an effect of liquid phase nitrogen-sulphur interactions. The absorption solution, sodium carbonate and sodium sulphite, is efficient in removing NOx (especially NO2) from the oxidised flue gas. The total NOx reduction at 0.6 ClO2:NO mole ratio and subsequent wet scrubbing is between 79% and 94%, depending on the process conditions used. The total SO2 reduction in the scrubber is between 97% and 100% independent of ClO2 gas addition. Furthermore, the total NOx balance shows that the major part of the NOx is converted to nitrate in the condensate liquor and as nitrite in the absorption solution. A higher ClO2 gas addition and a higher reactor temperature convert more of the NOx to nitrite in the absorption solution.
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