| 1. |
- O'Gorman, Eoin J., et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Warming on the Structure and Functioning of Aquatic Communities : Individual-to Ecosystem-Level Responses
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 47. - : Elsevier. - 9780123983152 ; , s. 81-176
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental warming is predicted to rise dramatically over the next century, yet few studies have investigated its effects in natural, multi-species systems. We present data collated over an 8-year period from a catchment of geothermally heated streams in Iceland, which acts as a natural experiment on the effects of warming across different organisational levels and spatiotemporal scales. Body sizes and population biomasses of individual species responded strongly to temperature, with some providing evidence to support temperature size rules. Macroinvertebrate and meiofaunal community composition also changed dramatically across the thermal gradient. Interactions within the warm streams in particular were characterised by food chains linking algae to snails to the apex predator, brown trout These chains were missing from the colder systems, where snails were replaced by much smaller herbivores and invertebrate omnivores were the top predators. Trout were also subsidised by terrestrial invertebrate prey, which could have an effect analogous to apparent competition within the aquatic prey assemblage. Top-down effects by snails on diatoms were stronger in the warmer streams, which could account for a shallowing of mass-abundance slopes across the community. This may indicate reduced energy transfer efficiency from resources to consumers in the warmer systems and/or a change in predator-prey mass ratios. All the ecosystem process rates investigated increased with temperature, but with differing thermal sensitivities, with important implications for overall ecosystem functioning (e.g. creating potential imbalances in elemental fluxes). Ecosystem respiration rose rapidly with temperature, leading to increased heterotrophy. There were also indications that food web stability may be lower in the warmer streams.
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| 2. |
- Álvaro, J. Javier, et al.
(författare)
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Global Cambrian trilobite palaeobiogeography assessed using parsimony analysis of endemicity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography. - 0435-4052. - 9781862393738 ; Memoir 38:38, s. 273-296
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Palaeobiogeographical data on Cambrian trilobites obtained during the twentieth century are combined in this paper to evaluate palaeoceanographic links through c. 30 myr, once these arthropods biomineralized. Worldwide major tectonostratigraphic units are characterized at series intervals of Cambrian time and datasets of trilobite genera (629 for Cambrian Series 2, 965 for Cambrian Series 3, and 866 for the Furongian Series) are analysed using parsimony analysis of endemicity. Special attention is given to the biogeographical observations made in microcontinents and exotic terranes. The same is done for platform-basinal transects of well-known continental margins. The parsimony analysis of endemicity analysis resulted in distinct palaeogeographical area groupings among the tectonostratigraphic units. With these groupings, several palaeobiogeographical units are distinguished, which do not necessarily fit the previously proposed biogeographical realms and provinces. Their development and spatial distributions are broadly controlled by Cambrian palaeoclimates, palaeogeographical conditions (e.g. carbonate productivity and anoxic conditions) and ocean current circulation.
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| 3. |
- Schlenk, D., et al.
(författare)
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Biotransformations : Biotransformations
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Toxicology of Fishes. (Eds. R. Di Giulio and D. Hinton). - : CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. - 9780415248686
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Burnett, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Development of mineral supply and demand from 1950 to 2020 : Cold War and consumerism
- 2022
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Ingår i: Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. ; , s. 34-60
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The supply and demand of minerals from 1950 to 2020 is examined by focusing on known causal relationships and historical drivers such as the Cold War, and how these have impacted the supply and demand of minerals. The complex, and often fascinating, events that have influenced supply and demand in the minerals market, including geopolitics, environmental policy, high-tech modernization, and the COVID-19 pandemic are reviewed. The examples we provide, focus on the primary consumers in the minerals market, including America, the European Union (EU), and the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) nations. Fundamental drivers such as sustainability, national defence, and technology are also discussed. This chapter begins with an integrated highlight of the major developments from 1950 to 2020 and then expands on the subject matter in a decadal fashion, providing additional context and detail on the forces and events which have influenced mineral supply and consumption trends.
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| 5. |
- Edgell, Timothy, et al.
(författare)
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The Evolutionary Ecology of European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas, in North America
- 2011
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Ingår i: In the wrong place: alien marine Crustaceans - distribution, biology and impacts. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400705913 - 9789400705906 ; , s. 641-659
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological invasions offer fertile grounds for studying evolutionary ecology because species’ contact histories are uncharacteristically well-defined. As a result, invasions can be used to gain glimpses of the earliest micro-evolutionary responses of natural populations to new species’ interactions by studying changes in behaviour, physiology or morphology in space and time. Here, the known history of range expansion by the European green crab Carcinus maenas in North America is used to illustrate factors affecting invasion success and the resilience of native American prey. We situate our discussion in the bourgeoning field of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the phenomenon where an individual’s genotype interacts with its environment to produce better-fit behaviour, physiology, morphology, or life-history. Plasticity is considered adaptive when the environmentally-induced phenotype increases an individual’s fitness. Below, theory about phenotypic plasticity is reviewed as to why it may benefit invasive species in general and specifically Carcinus maenas. The plasticity-invasion hypothesis (i.e., biological invaders benefit from high levels of phenotypic plasticity) is then tested directly by comparing known levels in C. maenas and other invaders to plasticity in a diversity of non-invasive, marine invertebrates. This study also analyses whether phenotypic plasticity has helped North American prey species defend against escalated bouts of predation caused by the C. maenas invasion, and elucidates the role plasticity plays in an apparent case of predatorprey coevolution between C. maenas and at least one species of native gastropod, Littorina obtusata. Finally, knowledge gaps in the case studies presented are discussed along with suggestions for future research aimed at gaining a better appreciation for how plasticity guides phenotypic evolution after a biological invasion.
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| 6. |
- Goodwin, Graham C., et al.
(författare)
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Good, Bad and Optimal Experiments for Identification
- 2006
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Ingår i: Forever Ljung in System Identification - Workshop on the occasion of Lennart Ljung’s 60th birthday. - Lund, Sweden : Studentlitteratur. - 9144020511
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hibbett, David S., et al.
(författare)
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Agaricomycetes
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Mycota. - Berlin : Springer. - 9783642553172 ; , s. 373-429
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Agaricomycetes includes ca. 21,000 described species of mushroom-forming fungi that function as decayers, pathogens, and mutualists in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The morphological diversity of Agaricomycete fruiting bodies is unparalleled in any other group of fungi, ranging from simple corticioid forms to complex, developmentally integrated forms (e.g., stinkhorns). In recent years, understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and biodiversity of Agaricomycetes has advanced dramatically, through a combination of polymerase chain reaction-based multilocus phylogenetics, phylogenomics, and molecular environmental surveys. Agaricomycetes is strongly supported as a clade and includes several groups formerly regarded as Heterobasidiomycetes, namely the Auriculariales, Sebacinales, and certain Cantharellales (Tulasnellaceae and Ceratobasidiaceae). The Agaricomycetes can be divided into 20 mutually exclusive clades that have been treated as orders. This chapter presents an overview of the phylogenetic diversity of Agaricomycetes, emphasizing recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
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| 10. |
- Holler, James S, et al.
(författare)
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Silver
- 2015. - 4
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Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - : Academic Press. - 9780123982933 ; , s. 1209-1216
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silver compounds may be absorbed through inhalation, but there are no quantitative human data on the extent of this phenomenon. Silver salts may be absorbed by up to 10-20% after ingestion. After ingestion in humans, the highest concentrations of silver are usually found in the liver and spleen, but also to some extent in the muscles, skin, and brain. The biological half-time for silver ranges from a few days for animals up to approximately 50 days for the human liver; it is possible that skin deposits have an even longer half-time, but there are no quantitative data on this for humans. Silver binds to high molecular weight proteins and metallothionein in tissue cytosol fractions. Excretion of silver from the body is primarily biliary. Silver nanoparticles have been shown to be absorbed by both inhalation and oral routes, resulting in deposition in various organ systems. Water-soluble silver compounds such as the nitrate have a local corrosive effect and may cause fatal poisoning if swallowed accidentally. Chronic exposure of humans leads to argyria, a clinical entity characterized by gray-blue pigmentation of the skin and other body viscera. Repeated exposure of animals to silver may produce anemia, cardiac enlargement, growth retardation, and degenerative changes in the liver.
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