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- Bredvold, Randi, 1957-
(författare)
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Entreprenørers fortellinger : en identitetsstudie i det opplevelsesbaserte reiselivet
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a narrative study in which five entrepreneurs in the experience-based tourist industry have told their life-stories in connection with their establishing and running their own enterprises. Over the last decades the number of adventure-based companies has markedly increased in tourist industry, but the knowledge gained through the research on the persons who establish these companies is scant. Through focusing on the constructions of identity of the entrepreneurs, this study gives nuanced pictures of the chain of events that had lead an individual to establish one`s own company. In addition, these pictures offer deeper understanding of how these individuals perceive themselves as the founder and manager of an experience-based company. Over the last decades research in entrepreneurship has criticized the imbalanced focus on the entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and it's use as an explanation of their entrepreneurial activities. In the same critical vein I question whether motivational studies are able to explain why certain individuals choose to establish their own business. Indeed, these five stories show that an entrepreneur is not something one is but something one becomes. Although the concept of an experiential economy appeared at the end of the 1990s, the production of experiences has a long tradition in the tourist industry. Norwegian tourism has faced an uphill struggle for several decades, which worries both the authorities and the industry itself. In recent decades the focus has been directed more and more on the dimension of experience. One hopes that the creation of new and attractive adventures will help to reverse the negative trend in the industry. Effecting this reversal places a heavy responsibility on the entrepreneurs since they are to be the driving force in this process. Tourist adventures have been one of several core themes within the field of research in tourism for decades, but this focus has mainly been on the perspective of the consumer. In contrast, this study concentrates on the producers, a group about whom we know much less. The five entrepreneurs who tell their story in this study give detailed descriptions of their life until the establishment of their businesses, and we see that each of them describes a number of causal chains that are interwoven and together create a meaningful picture of their choice. Through focusing on their reflexive identity-constructions and viewing these in light of the concrete situations they were in, before they established their enterprises, we gain a deeper understanding of this choice. Through the process of categorizing these reflexive identity-constructions, three distinct ontological positions emerge, that is, different ways in understanding reality. The study shows that there is a connection between these ontological positions and the ways that the entrepreneurs run their businesses, as well as their understanding of how they create and produce adventures for their guests.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Tiltak for å mestre frykt fo å mote bjorn
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The brown bear population in Scandinavia has substantially increased the last 30 years, in-creasing the probability of interactions between humans and bears. This environmental change is evident to many who live in brown bear areas and to them it is important to feel safe when engaged in nature based activities. This research project aimed to, further develop and evaluate two specific interventions with regard to their effect on fear of encountering brown bears in nature, departing from psychological theory on human-environment interaction and emotional appraisal. The two interventions were guided brown bear walks and information meetings, both directed to people who live within brown bear areas and express fear of encountering bears.The empirical work was divided into three studies: In Study I the effect of three types of guided brown bear walks was evaluated in a between-group design: Within brown bear habitat approaching a radio collared bear (N = 24), within brown bear habitat close visiting the location for a previous bear approach (N = 27), and within a large carnivore park with fenced brown bears (N = 24). The three types of walks all contributed to significantly reduce the participants’ feelings of fear, perceived vulnerability, and to an increase in social trust. The effect lasted over at least three months. The strongest effects were seen in self-reports and experimental measures among participants who walked in brown bear habitat. The participants reported that the experience of the terrain, being close to a bear under controlled conditions as well as the experienced guide and the group were important aspects that helped reduce feelings of fear. Study II focused upon the effects of information meetings on humans and bears. This study was carried out in parallel with a similar study in Sweden. The verbal information presented was the same as the information given by the guides in Study I, but the participants received the information through an oral presentation. An extensive work was made to recruit participants, yet only six persons attended the information meeting, compared to 97 participants in the Swedish study. One plausible explanation is that the Norweigan meeting was arranged in collaboration with Rovdyrsenteret in Flå that is located in an area without presence of brown bears. The six participants in the meeting reported reduced feelings of fear of encountering brown bears. Study III complemented Study II and aimed at understanding how verbal information about brown bears is received by students who in their future work may meet persons who fear bears. Moreover, in a between-group design the effect was compared between the information on humans and bears interactions (N = 28) given in Study II and information on brown bear ecology (N = 35). The results show that students who listened to the information on humans and bear interactions afterwards provided more elaborated examples on how they themselves would take care of a person who expressed feelings of fears than did those who had listened to information on brown bear ecology.The results show that guided walks in brown bear habitats and information about bears designed according to psychological principles and led by experienced guides may reduce people’s fear of encountering brown bears in nature. Principles for how these interventions could and should be used in practice needs to be developed together with large carnivore information centers and managing authorities. The interventions should also be further developed to be spread to different groups in society.
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| 4. |
- Lovaas, Kari
(författare)
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Be for meg også : Om forkrøpling og lengsel etter forløsning i moderne litteratur og poetikk
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is concerned with the ways in which the biblical narrative of the Fall, and more specifically the predicament of creatureliness (connoting innocence as well as depravation), can be traced as a cryptotheological motif within widely dissimilar modernist poetics and literary strategies. Postsecular theory and the return to the apostle Paul in recent political theology provide the backdrop for the seemingly disparate approaches of my case studies. Their common theme may be spelled out as the “groaning of creation” and its call for possibly redemptive responses of literature and language. In the first case study, I argue that the postwar poet Paul Celan, influenced as he may be by the condemnation of informational, “fallen” language in the thinking of Martin Heidegger and Walter Benjamin, reformulates the task of the poet into one of witnessing from within fallen language on behalf of fallen creatures. In the second case study, I compare two novels by the contemporary Norwegian authors Hanne Ørstavik and Kristine Næss, both of them dealing with a crisis of authorial legitimacy. Applying a psychoanalytic perspective, I suggest that whereas Ørstavik’s protagonist seems to suffer from a rigid fixation with a certain calling as mediated by the “paternal function”, Næss’ protagonist suffers from the lack of any such call. In the third case study, I discuss how the spirit of revenge animating the protagonist of Knut Hamsun’s debut novel Hunger (1890), is performatively deactivated. Through a complex series of negotiations on dignity, the sovereign power over “bare life” is transposed into a comic register. The notion of deactivation also plays a decisive role in Giorgio Agamben’s interpretation of Pauline messianism. In the fourth case study, I compare Agamben’s reading of Paul’s “now-time” with the Swedish author Lars Ahlin’s take on the same motif. I argue that while Agamben envisions the messianic calling simply as a deactivation of every calling, Ahlin inscribes it into the ethical relation to the neighbor. Following Walter Benjamin, this thesis outlines two distinct though interconnected visions of redemption: “profanation” on the one hand, releasing the creature from “mythical guilt”, manifested on various levels as the compulsion to repeat; and “remembrance” on the other hand, manifested as a receptivity for the unfinished, failed and thwarted in collective or personal history, demanding correction and fulfillment.
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| 5. |
- Skogen, Ketil, et al.
(författare)
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Erfaringer med ulv
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I senere tid har spørsmålet om ulvens oppførsel overfor mennesker og nær bebyggelse vært sentralt i diskusjonen om norsk ulveforvaltning. Det har blitt framholdt at en del ulver er nærgående, på den måten at de synes å oppsøke bebodde områder, og ikke viker unna i møte med mennesker. Det sies at nærgående ulver er skremmende, og bidrar til redusert livskvalitet. Denne studiens formål har vært å kartlegge menneskers opplevelse av å ha ulv i nærheten, samt å undersøke erfaringer med ulv og emosjonelle reaksjoner på ulv i befolkningen. Dette har vi gjort ved å gjennomføre en spørreskjemaundersøkelse i et representativt befolkningsutvalg fra hele landet og et spesialutvalg som dekker deler av ulvesonen, samt en intervjuundersøkelse i områdene rundt Osensjøen i Hedmark og Østmarka ved Oslo. Spørreskjemadata viser at det er et skille mellom kognitive forestillinger om ulven som et farlig dyr, og den personlig opplevde frykten for å møte ulv. Forestillingen om at ulven er farlig, må i større grad forstås som knyttet til en sosial diskurs om ulv. Denne forestillingen bidrar til opplevelse av frykt, men er ikke i seg selv uttrykk for en slik emosjon. Samtidig er det slik at en betydelig gruppe kjenner frykt for å møte ulv i naturen, men har likevel en positiv holdning til at det finnes ulv i Norge. Dette tyder på at noen mennesker som er redde for ulv har behov for tilgang til mestringsstrategier i sin hverdag. Det er forskjeller mellom hvilke faktorer som har betydning for menneskers frykt for ulv i urbane og rurale områder. Vi ser at betydningen av tillit til miljøinstitusjoner har større betydning for opplevelse av frykt i rurale enn i urbane strøk. Det betyr at tiltak som er innrettet på å gjøre noe med folks forhold til dyret ulv har mindre sjanse til å lykkes der fryktproblematikken i stor grad er et spørsmål om tillit. Også våre kvalitative data viser at tillit til sentrale aktører er et kjernepunkt, ikke bare når det gjelder generelle holdninger til ulv og ulveforvaltning, men også når det gjelder tolkning og diskursiv innpakning av konkrete hendelser, oppfatning av ulven som farlig, og opplevelse av egen frykt. Dette er et hovedfunn, som styrkes av den metodiske trianguleringen. De fleste mulige varianter av fortolkning av erfaringer med ulv forekommer i begge studieområder, både positive og negative. Hovedbildet er at hendelser med ulv tolkes inn i et bilde av ulv og ulveforvaltning som finnes fra før. Slike etablerte tolkningsrammer er tilgjengelige fordi de er tett knyttet til større diskurser om dagens samfunn, ikke minst om maktforhold mellom by og bygd, og tillit eller mangel på tillit til myndigheter og forskning. Fortellingene om ulven som en potensiell trussel mot liv og helse lenkes opp mot en framstilling av en urimelig maktskjevhet mellom «storsamfunnet» og små bygdesamfunn. Det har ikke vært mulig for oss å identifisere trekk ved hendelser med ulv som i seg selv leder til bestemte reaksjoner. Vi finner likevel at en betydelig del av frykt for ulv har sin opprinnelse i opplevd sårbarhet, dog ikke primært på grunn av tidligere erfaringer med ulv. Et hovedtema i våre intervjuer har vært at visse ulver er mindre sky enn andre. Blant informantene er det stor tilslutning til en slik forståelse uansett oppfatning om ulv for øvrig. Informanter som bor nær lite sky ulv gir uttrykk for at de ville ha langt mindre problemer med å godta ulver som oppfører seg slik de mener andre flokker i området har gjort: De holdt seg unna hus og folk. Imidlertid ble nettopp disse ulvene skutt i 2018. Det er et gjennomgående budskap at jakt burde ta utgangspunkt i behovet for å gjøre noe med lite sky ulv, og at ulv som holder seg for seg selv kan få være i fred. Å ta ut flokker som ikke plager noen ble møtt med kritikk på bred front. Å endre retningslinjene for uttak ville signalisere at man tar lokale erfaringer alvorlig. Den store enigheten om prioritering av uttak kan også være utgangspunkt for bedre dialog mellom interessegrupper.
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