| 1. |
- Lagerkvist, Anna-Lena, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a prospective, population-based study of incidence, recovery, and residual impairment at 18 months of age.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Dev Med Child Neurol. - : Wiley. - 1469-8749 .- 0012-1622. ; 52:6, s. 529-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim The aim of this investigation was to study the incidence of obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP), to prospectively follow the recovery process, to assess the functional outcome at 18 months of age, and to find early prognostic indicators. Method Of the 38 749 children born between 1999 and 2001 in western Sweden, 114 (70 males, 44 females) had an OBPP. Ninety-eight children were examined on six occasions at up to 18 months of age. Muscle strength, range of motion, hand preference, and functional abilities were noted, and the severity of the OBPP was classified. Results The incidence of OBPP was 2.9 per 1000 live births, and the incidence of persisting OBPP was 0.46 per 1000. At 3 months of age, the predictive value of regained elbow flexion for complete recovery was 100%, 99% of shoulder external rotation, and 96% of forearm supination. Most of the 18 children with persisting OBPP could perform functional activities but asymmetries were noted. Five children had a mild, 11 had a moderate, and two had a severe impairment. Three had undergone nerve surgery, one with a mild and two with a severe persisting impairment. Interpretation Most children with an OBPP recover completely. Muscle strength at 3 months of age can be used to predict outcome.
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| 2. |
- Mollberg, Margareta, 1953, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison in obstetric management on infants with transient and persistent obstetric brachial plexus palsy.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of child neurology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1708-8283 .- 0883-0738. ; 23:12, s. 1424-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outcome of obstetric brachial plexus palsy depends on the severity of the lesion of the nerve fibers. The aim of the prospective study is to evaluate if differences in force used in downward traction on the fetal head correlate to the number of nerve roots affected. At final neurological examination at 18 months of age, complete neurological recovery occurred in 80 of 98 children (82%). Downward traction of the fetal head was applied more often and with greater force in the group with persistent damage. There was a significant correlation between the force used to the number of nerve roots affected. The risk of persistent obstetric brachial plexus palsy at age 18 months depended on obstetric management and increased significantly with increasing force used in downward traction of the fetal head.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Grigoriev, Anton, et al.
(författare)
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Electron transport in stretched monoatomic gold wires
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 97, s. 236807-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conductance of monoatomic gold wires containing 3-7 gold atoms has been obtained from ab initio calculations. The transmission is found to vary significantly depending on the wire stretching and the number of incorporated atoms. Such oscillations are determined by the electronic structure of the one-dimensional (1D) part of the wire between the contacts. Our results indicate that the conductivity of 1D wires can be suppressed without breaking the contact.
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| 5. |
- Lang, J. J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Tin-stabilized (1 x 2) and (1 x 4) reconstructions on GaAs(100) and InAs(100) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations
- 2011
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Ingår i: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 605:9-10, s. 883-888
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tin (Sn) induced (1 x 2) reconstructions on GaAs(100) and InAs(100) substrates have been studied by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) and ab initio calculations. The comparison of measured and calculated STM images and surface core-level shifts shows that these surfaces can be well described with the energetically stable building blocks that consist of Sn-III dimers. Furthermore, a new Sn-induced (1 x 4) reconstruction was found. In this reconstruction the occupied dangling bonds are closer to each other than in the more symmetric (1 x 2) reconstruction, and it is shown that the (1 x 4) reconstruction is stabilized as the adatom size increases.
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| 6. |
- Laukkanen, P., et al.
(författare)
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Anomalous bismuth-stabilized (2x1) reconstructions on GaAs(100) and InP(100) surfaces
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 100, s. 086101-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First-principles phase diagrams of bismuth-stabilized GaAs- and InP(100) surfaces demonstrate for the first time the presence of anomalous (2 x 1) reconstructions, which disobey the common electron counting principle. Combining these theoretical results with our scanning-tunneling-microscopy and photoemission measurements, we identify novel (2 x 1) surface structures, which are composed of symmetric Bi-Bi and asymmetric mixed Bi-As and Bi-P dimers, and find that they are stabilized by stress relief and pseudogap formation.
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| 7. |
- Laukkanen, P., et al.
(författare)
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Bismuth-stabilized c(2X6) reconstruction on a InSb(100) substrate : Violation of the electron counting model
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X .- 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 81:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By means of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS), photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations, we have studied the bismuth (Bi) adsorbate-stabilized InSb(100) substrate surface which shows a c(2X6) low-energy electron diffraction pattern [thus labeled Bi/InSb(100)c(2X6) surface] and which includes areas with metallic STS curves as well as areas with semiconducting STS curves. The first-principles phase diagram of the Bi/InSb(100) surface demonstrates the presence of the Bi-stabilized metallic c(2X6) reconstruction and semiconducting (4X3) reconstruction depending on the chemical potentials, in good agreement with STS results. The existence of the metallic c(2X6) phase, which does not obey the electron counting model, is attributed to the partial prohibition of the relaxation in the direction perpendicular to dimer rows in the competing reconstructions and the peculiar stability of the Bi-stabilized dimer rows. Based on (i) first-principles phase diagram, (ii) STS results, and (iii) comparison of the measured and calculated STM and photoemission data, we show that the measured Bi/InSb(100)c(2X6) surface includes metallic areas with the stable c(2X6) atomic structure and semiconducting areas with the stable (4X3) atomic structure.
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| 8. |
- Laukkanen, P., et al.
(författare)
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Core-level shifts of the c(8 x 2)-reconstructed InAs(100) and InSb(100) surfaces
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 177:1, s. 52-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have studied In-stabilized c(8 2)-reconstructed InAs(1 0 0) and InSb(1 0 0) semiconductor surfaces, which play a key role in growing improved III-V interfaces for electronics devices, by core-level photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. The calculated surface core-level shifts (SCLSs) for the zeta and zeta a models, which have been previously established to describe the atomic structures of the III-V(1 00)c(8 x 2) surfaces, yield hitherto not reported interpretation for the As 3d, In 4d, and Sb 4d core-level spectra of the III-V(1 00)c(8 x 2) surfaces, concerning the number and origins of SCLSs. The fitting analysis of the measured spectra with the calculated zeta and zeta a SCLS values shows that the InSb spectra are reproduced by the zeta SCLSs better than by the zeta a SCLSs. Interestingly, the zeta a fits agree better with the InAs spectra than the zeta fits do, indicating that the zeta a model describes the InAs surface better than the InSb surface. These results are in agreement with previous X-ray diffraction data. Furthermore, an introduction of the complete-screening model, which includes both the initial and final state effects, does not improve the fitting of the InSb spectra, proposing the suitability of the initial-state model for the SCLSs of the III-V(1 0 0)c(8 x 2) surfaces. The found SCLSs are discussed with the ab initio on-site charges.
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| 9. |
- Punkkinen, M. P. J., et al.
(författare)
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Bismuth-stabilized (2x1) and (2x4) reconstructions on GaAs(100) surfaces : Combined first-principles, photoemission, and scanning tunneling microscopy study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 78, s. 195304-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bismuth adsorbate-stabilized (2x1) and (2x4) reconstructions of the GaAs(100) surfaces have been studied by first-principles calculations, valence-band and core-level photoelectron spectroscopies, and scanning tunneling microscopy. It is demonstrated that large Bi atom size leads to the formation of the pseudogap at the Fermi energy and to the lower energy of an adsorbate-derived surface band, which contributes to the stabilization of the exceptional Bi/GaAs(100)(2x1) reconstruction. It is proposed that the Bi/GaAs(100)(2x4) reconstructions include asymmetric mixed Bi-As dimers, in addition to the Bi-Bi dimers. Based on the calculations, we solve the atomic origins of the surface core-level shifts (SCLSs) of the Bi 5d photoemission spectra from the Bi/GaAs(100)(2x4) surfaces. This allows for resolving the puzzle related to the identification of two SCLS components often found in the measurements of the Bi 5d and Sb 4d core-level emissions of the Bi/III-V and Sb/III-V(100)(2x4) surfaces. Finally, the reason for the absence of the common (2x4)-beta 2 structure and additional support for the stability of the (2x1) structure on the Bi/III-V(100) surfaces are discussed in terms of Bi atom size and subsurface stress.
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