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- Chinga-Carrasco, Gary, et al.
(author)
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Structural effects on print-through and set-off
- 2012
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 27:3, s. 596-603
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study the effect of paper structure on ink transfer and cold-set print quality was assessed. A factorial experiment involving 5 factors with two levels was designed. Several sheet structures were constructed. The sheets were made from three basic pulps, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), de-inked pulp (DIP) and stone groundwood (SGW). The designed structures were homogeneous and layered to verify the effect of sheet structure and fines content on print quality. A comprehensive multiscale characterisation of the sheet structures was performed. The analyses comprised scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury porosimetry for bulk structure assessment. Parker Print Surf (PPS), laser profilometry and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied for giving a detailed description of the surface structure affecting ink transfer. The study revealed that the surface structure affects the ink demand and set-off. Increasing the micro-roughness leads to an increment of ink demand in order to achieve a given print density. The bulk pore structure affects the light scattering coefficients. Small pores are positive for increasing the light scattering and thus for reducing the print-through level. This was confirmed by SEM and mercury porosimetry measurements.
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| 4. |
- Östberg, Kenneth, et al.
(author)
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Use of quality metrics for functional safety in systems of cooperative vehicles
- 2012
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In: LNCS vol. 7613: Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ; , s. 174-179
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Looking at functional safety of vehicles, we have seen an evolution from federated to integrated E/E architectures. When extending the way of specifying and analysing functional safety to also address cooperative functionality, it is not possible to keep a static view of the boundaries of the system for which to ensure safety. This is because the set of vehicles realizing a cooperative function may change a lot during the execution of the cooperative function. In this work in progress paper we suggest to move part of the task to show safety, from design time to run time. This implies that it will become necessary to monitor the system at run time, continuously calculate its quality and share that information between the individual vehicles to assert that the system is safe. In order to accomplish this, appropriate metrics are needed, both during design time and run time. Inspired by information theory, this paper sketches some common properties for metrics, and indicates how that can be beneficial.
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