| 1. |
- Gallstedt, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Film Extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/Wheat Gluten Blends
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Visualized Experiments. - : JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS. - 1940-087X. ; :119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crambe abyssinica is a plant with potential for use in industrial (non-food) plant oil production. The side stream from this oil production is a high-protein crambe meal that has limited value, as it is not fit for food or feed use. However, it contains proteins that could potentially make it a suitable raw material for higher-value products. The purpose of this study was to find methods of making this side stream into extruded films, showing that products with a higher value can be produced. The study mainly considered the development of material compositions and methods of preparing and extruding the material. Wheat gluten was added as a supportive protein matrix material, together with glycerol as a plasticizer and urea as a denaturant. The extrudate was evaluated with respect to mechanical (tensile testing) and oxygen barrier properties, and the extrudate structure was revealed visually and by scanning electron microscopy. A denser, more homogeneous material had a lower oxygen transmission rate, higher strength, and higher extensibility. The most homogeneous films were made at an extruder die temperature of 125-130 degrees C. It is shown here that a film can be extruded with promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties, the latter especially after a final compression molding step.
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| 2. |
- Newson, William, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Additives on the Tensile Performance and Protein Solubility of Industrial Oilseed Residual Based Plastics
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 62:28, s. 6707-6715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ten chemical additives were selected from the literature for their proposed modifying activity in protein-protein interactions. These consisted of acids, bases, reducing agents, and denaturants and were added to residual deoiled meals of Crambe abyssinica (crambe) and Brassica carinata (carinata) to modify the properties of plastics produced through hot compression molding at 130 degrees C. The films produced were examined for tensile properties, protein solubility, molecular weight distribution, and water absorption. Of the additives tested, NaOH had the greatest positive effect on tensile properties, with increases of 105% in maximum stress and 200% in strain at maximum stress for crambe and a 70% increase in strain at maximum stress for carinata. Stiffness was not increased by any of the applied additives. Changes in tensile strength and elongation for crambe and elongation for carinata were related to changes in protein solubility. Increased pH was the most successful in improving the protein aggregation and mechanical properties within the complex chemistry of residual oilseed meals.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Kuktaite, Ramune, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring Nanostructure Dynamics and Polymerization in Glycerol Plasticized Wheat Gliadin and Glutenin Films : Relation to Mechanical Properties
- 2016
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 4:6, s. 2998-3007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gliadin and glutenin proteins with 10, 20, 30 and 40% of glycerol were compression molded into films (130 °C) and evaluated for protein polymerization, β-sheet structure and nano-structural morphology. Here, for the first time we show how different amounts of glycerol impact the nano-structure and functional properties of the gliadin and glutenin films. Most polymerized protein was found in the gliadin films with 20 and 30% glycerol, and in all the glutenin films (except 10%), by RP-HPLC. A β-sheet-rich protein structure was found to be high in the 10 and 20% glycerol gliadin films, and in the 20 and 30% glycerol glutenin films by FT-IR. Glycerol content of 20, 30 and 40% impacted the nano-structural morphology of the gliadin glycerol films observed by SAXS, and to a limited extent for 10 and 20% glycerol gliadin films revealed by WAXS. No ordered nano-structure was found for the glutenin glycerol films. The 20%, 30% and 40% glycerol films were the most tunable for specific mechanical properties. For the highest stiffness and strength, the 10% glycerol protein films were the best choice.
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| 5. |
- Newson, William, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of extraction routes on protein content, solubility and molecular weight distribution of Crambe abyssinica protein concentrates and thermally processed films thereof
- 2017
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Ingår i: Industrial crops and products (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0926-6690 .- 1872-633X. ; 97, s. 591-598
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand if and how extraction conditions influence properties of molded protein films, Crambe abyssinica protein concentrates were produced from deoiled seed meal under various extraction conditions. Properties of the resulting hot compression molded films were evaluated through the molecular weight distribution, protein polymerization behavior and tensile tests. Precipitated protein concentrates demonstrated higher protein content and a pronounced shift to higher molecular weight distributions and reduced solubility on heating, indicating increased protein polymerization compared to those from lyophilized supernatants. Thermally processed films from isoelectrically precipitated protein concentrates show a high resistance to extraction with a combination of reducing agent and denaturant, indicating the presence of non-disulfide covalent cross linking. Also, tensile strength was higher in concentrates from precipitated proteins compared to those from supernatants. The protein concentrates resulting in thermally processed films with a high protein content, the highest levels of protein-protein interaction and high tensile strength were based on alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. Therefore, a combination of alkali extraction and isoelectric precipitation is recommended to produce protein concentrates for molded film production.
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| 6. |
- Rasel, H., et al.
(författare)
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Development of bioplastics based on agricultural side-stream products : Film extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/wheat gluten blends for packaging purposes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Polymer Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0021-8995 .- 1097-4628. ; 133:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to add economic value to crambe meal, the protein-rich byproduct from the industrial extraction of Crambe abyssinica seed oil, by using it as a potential feedstock for oilseed meal-based plastics. The feasibility to produce continuous, flexible plastic films of glycerol-plasticized crambe meal blended with wheat gluten (WG) to improve extrudate properties and urea as a protein denaturant using extrusion was investigated. The effect of process parameters and blend composition were studied with regard to the extrusion performance and the film properties. Tensile properties and oxygen permeability were determined, and the film morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. A die temperature between 125 and 130°C resulted in films with the most homogeneous surfaces and highest tensile strength and extensibility. The use of compression molding after extrusion improved the surface quality and film strength and lowered the oxygen permeability. A decrease in the plasticizer content (from 30 to 20 wt %) improved the extrudability and showed the highest tensile strength, whereas the extensibility was essentially unaffected. The importance of the presence of WG was shown by the fact that strength and extensibility decreased when the crambe content was increased from 60 to 80 wt %. It was shown that crambe-based biopolymer blends could be extruded as continuous flexible plastic films that exhibited promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties. The operational window was, however, found to be narrow. The results provide a first basis to further develop the process and the blend toward industrial applications, for example, as packaging materials.
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| 7. |
- Rasheed, Faiza, et al.
(författare)
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Macromolecular changes and nano-structural arrangements in gliadin and glutenin films upon chemical modification Relation to functionality
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 79, s. 151-159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protein macromolecules adopted for biological and bio-based material functions are known to develop a structured protein network upon chemical modification. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of chemical additives such as, NaOH, NH4OH and salicylic acid (SA), on the secondary and nano-structural transitions of wheat proteins. Further, the effect of chemically induced modifications in protein macromolecular structure was anticipated in relation to functional properties. The gliadin-NH4OH-SA film showed a supramolecular protein organization into hexagonal structures with 65 angstrom lattice parameter, and other not previously observed structural entities having a characteristic distance of 50 angstrom. Proteins in gliadin-NH4OH-SA films were highly polymerized, with increased amount of disulfide crosslinks and beta-sheets, causing improved strength and stiffness. Glutenin and WG proteins with NH4OH-SA showed extensive aggregation and an increase in beta-sheet content together with irreversible crosslinks. Irreversible crosslinks hindered a high order structure formation in glutenins, and this resulted in films with only moderately improved stiffness. Thus, formation of nano-hierarchical structures based on beta-sheets and disulfide crosslinks are the major reasons of high strength and stiffness in wheat protein based films.
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| 8. |
- Rasheed, Faiza, et al.
(författare)
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Mild gluten separation - A non-destructive approach to fine tune structure and mechanical behavior of wheat gluten films
- 2015
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Ingår i: Industrial Crops and Products. - : Elsevier BV. - 0926-6690 .- 1872-633X. ; 73, s. 90-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the increasing production of wheat gluten (WG) for industrial use, minor attention has been given to the impact of the separation procedure on the gluten quality. The purpose of the present study was to probe the effect of the separation treatments (harsh vs mild) on gluten structure, morphology, and performance in bio-based films. The harshly separated industrial WG showed aggregated and pre-cross linked structure in the starting material most likely due to shear forces during gluten separation from flour and heat effect during the drying procedures. Further, when the harshly separated WG was processed into films the pre-crosslinked starting material restricted new crosslinks formation and structural rearrangements at nano-scale. The mechanical integrity of the film was also affected resulting in films with low Young's modulus and strength. WG (from cultivars Diskette, Puntari, and Sleipner) recovered from mild separation showed relatively "native" non-destructed crosslinking pattern and not previously observed structural morphology at nano-scale. When processed into films the mildly separated WG showed well polymerized intimately crosslinked proteins both with disulfide and other covalent crosslinks. The nano-scale morphology showed lamellar and hexagonal arrangements, not reported so far in any study. The structural rearrangements among films from mildly separated WG resulted in materials with improved mechanical integrity as compared to films from harshly separated WG. The present study showed that the quality of WG is significantly affected by the separation procedure which also affects protein polymerization, nano-scale morphology, and tensile properties of films. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Rasheed, Faiza, et al.
(författare)
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The use of plants as a "green factory" to produce high strength gluten-based materials
- 2016
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 18:9, s. 2782-2792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to develop an understanding of how wheat plants can be used as a "green factory" by the modulation of genotype (G) and environmental (E) interactions to fine-tune the structure and increase the strength of gluten based materials. Two wheat genotypes (5 + 10 and 2 + 12) were grown under four nitrogen and two temperature regimes to obtain gluten of various characteristics. Protein microstructure morphology revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy suggested a higher polymerisation of proteins in glycerol plasticized films from the 5 + 10 compared to the 2 + 12 genotype. Also, films with the highest Young's modulus and maximum stress were obtained from the 5 + 10 genotype, which might be explained by the higher number of cysteine residues and consequently more disulphide crosslinks in this genotype compared to the 2 + 12 one. The presence of two nano-scaled morphologies, hexagonal and lamellar structures and their internal relations were found to be of relevance for formation of beta-sheets and also to be related to performance (strength) of the material. Thus, plants could be used as a "green factory", avoiding the use of chemicals, to tune the tensile properties of the materials. Structural properties such as relatively low protein aggregation, high beta-sheet content and a high hexagonal to lamellar structural ratio at the nano-scale were found to yield films with high stiffness and strength.
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| 10. |
- Rasheed, Faiza, et al.
(författare)
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The use of plants as a “green factory” to produce high strength gluten-based materials
- 2016
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Ingår i: Green Chemistry. - 1463-9270. ; 18:9, s. 2782-2792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to develop an understanding of how wheat plants can be used as a “green factory” by the modulation of genotype (G) and environmental (E) interactions to fine-tune the structure and increase the strength of gluten based materials. Two wheat genotypes (5 + 10 and 2 + 12) were grown under four nitrogen and two temperature regimes to obtain gluten of various characteristics. Protein microstructure morphology revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy suggested a higher polymerisation of proteins in glycerol plasticized films from the 5 + 10 compared to the 2 + 12 genotype. Also, films with the highest Young’s modulus and maximum stress were obtained from the 5 + 10 genotype, which might be explained by the higher number of cysteine residues and consequently more disulphide crosslinks in this genotype compared to the 2 + 12 one. The presence of two nano-scaled morphologies, hexagonal and lamellar structures and their internal relations were found to be of relevance for formation of β-sheets and also to be related to performance (strength) of the material. Thus, plants could be used as a “green factory”, avoiding the use of chemicals, to tune the tensile properties of the materials. Structural properties such as relatively low protein aggregation, high β-sheet content and a high hexagonal to lamellar structural ratio at the nano-scale were found to yield films with high stiffness and strength.
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