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- Johansson, C. G. Mikael
(författare)
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Social and Organizational Aspects of Requirements Engineering Methods
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Improving requirements engineering has been recognized as critical for the 1990s. Reported differences in theoretical reasoning vs. the practice of how methods are used suggest a need for further research. A way to proceed is to investigate how real-life system design situations can be supported the best way. An important area is to investigate social and organizational aspects of the design of requirements engineering methods. Also increasing the knowledge of what is regarded as important by the users of methods for requirements engineering is essential for progress and development of new knowledge in the field.The aim of this thesis is to develop knowledge of what social and organizational issues are important for the use and development of requirements engineering methods. The research is based on a qualitative research approach using different qualitative methods and instruments for data gathering and data analysis.The results include an outline of a preliminary method for requirements engineering (Action Design). A "handbook evaluation" shows motives and needs for requirement engineering methods. Quality characteristics recognized in requirements engineering as important by the participants are established and prioritized. Thereafter, the value of visualization of internal functions for an enterprise in participatory design projects is presented. Finally, an integration of techniques for enterprise modeling and prioritization of requirements is performed to analyze what value such integration has and how improvements can be achieved.This research suggests an alternative approach to requirements engineering where support and methods are grounded in the prerequisites for each situation. The results are mainly applicable to situations where multiprofessional participation is desired. It is concluded that the organizational context has to be taken into account in the improvement of methods used in-requirements engineering.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Mikael
(författare)
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Quality functions for requirements engineering methods
- 1996
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objectives for this thesis is to establish what aspects of Requirements Engineering (RE) methods are considered important by the users. The thesis is to study an alternative RE method (Action Design), present evaluation results and establish general quality characteristics for RE methods. It is also an attempt to invoke the need to reflect over quality aspects of use and development of methods within the field of RE.The research is based on a grounded theory perspective where the studies together form the final results. The data collection was performed by interviews and focus groups. The analysis of data was done by using (1) Action Design (AD) methodology as an instrument to evaluate AD itself, (2) Quality Function Deployment to structure and rank quality characteristics, and (3) by phenomenological analyses.The results show the importance of considering social and organizational issues, user participation, project management and method customizing in the process of RE.Further, the results suggest that support which integrate different methods, or parts of methods to achieve a suitable collection of instruments tailored for a specific project is needed. It is also found that RE is to be considered, not only in the early parts of the software development cycle, but as an integrated part of the whole software development cycle.The conclusion is that RE methods beside the integration, need to be approached differently in the future. The integrated view of RE (as a part of the entire development process) could also be a way to solve some of the current problems that are discussed in relation to requirements in software development.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of the Degree of Cross-linking, Type of Ligand and Support on the Chemical Stability of Chromatography Media Intended for protein Purification
- 1998
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Ingår i: Process Biochemistry. - 1359-5113 .- 1873-3298. ; 33:1, s. 47-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of organic compounds from different liquid chromatography media in static conditions has been analysed with a total organic carbon (TOC) analyser. TOC results show that chemical stability increases with the degree of cross-linking in agarose beaded chromatography media and thus extend the working pH-range of the media. Of the unsubstituted chromatography media investigated, Sepharose® 6B, Sepharose CL-6B, Sepharose 4 Fast Flow, Sepharose 6 Fast Flow and Sepharose High Performance, the latter was the most stable medium. Sepharose High Performance releases only about 0·06% of its total carbon content after 1 week in 0·01 m HCl. Agarose beads are more stable to basic conditions (pH 14) compared with acidic conditions (pH 2). From UV spectroscopic and gel filtration results it was found that all Sepharose media release low amounts of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde and agarose fragments in acidic conditions. To investigate the effect of different ligands on chemical stability Q Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, DEAE Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, SP Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, CM Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow, Octyl Sepharose 4 Fast Flow media were also studied under static conditions. In basic conditions it was found that all these chromatography media release carbon compounds to a higher extent than the unsubstituted Sepharose support. In addition, Hofmann elimination of Q and DEAE groups contributes to the decrease in the carbon content of the corresponding anion exchangers. During exposure to acidic conditions (pH 2) the release of carbon compounds was lower than the release from the support to which the ligands were coupled. The exceptions are Octyl Sepharose 4 Fast Flow and SP Sepharose 6 Fast Flow. In the case of Octyl Sepharose 4 Fast Flow, the ligand did not seem to influence chemical stability, whereas the SP group increases the degradation of the Sepharose support. In the case of SP Sepharose 6 Fast Flow the stability in acidic conditions can be improved by increasing the ionic strength. Anion exchangers based on different support polymers (agarose-, polystyrene-, methacrylate- and polyvinyl-based matrixes) were studied under static conditions. Agarose-based anion exchanger was the most stable in basic conditions (pH 14). In acidic conditions (pH 2) the chemical stability was about the same for many different anion exchangers.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Christiansson, Marie-Therese, et al.
(författare)
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En inter-organisatorisk förändringsanalys : utveckling av kund-/leverantörsprocessen
- 1997
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dagens sätt att göra affärer innebär ett ökat partnerskap och ett ökat datautbyte mellan organisationer i sökandet efter effektivitet och konkurrensfördelar. Affärsrelationer mellan leverantörer och kunder är beroende av att informationen flödar på ett strukturerat sätt mellan deras organisationer för att tillgodose respektive parts informationsbehov, dvs inter-organisatoriska informationssystem (IOIS). En metodutveckling pågår inom VINST-projektet där målet är att utveckla kunskap om och utforma en användbar metod som stöd vid verksamhetsutveckling av inter-organisatorisk karaktär. Denna rapport bygger på en metodprövande aktionsforskning vid en gemensam förändringsanalys som PartnerTech AB och en av deras kunder bedrivit med stöd av FA/SIMMetoden. Den metodtillämpning och metodutveckling som skett analyseras och diskuteras utifrån frågorna; hur en leverantör tillsammans med kunden kan utveckla den gemensamma kund-leverantörsprocessen och hur verksamhetsutvecklare kan använda FA/SIMM för att kartlägga och driva förbättring av inter-organisatoriska processer. Rapporten pekar bl a på behov av anpassade projektstrategier, arbetsformer och notation samt metodkomponenter för interaktionsanalys och uppföljning av åtgärder.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Mikael
(författare)
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Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Adsorbates on Aluminium and Silicon
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main topic of this thesis is the investigation of atomic andmolecular adsorbates on single crystal surfaces of silicon and aluminiumusing the techniques of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) andspectroscopy (STS). The emphasis has been to use atomic-resolutionspectroscopy and imaging to determine the relationship between thesurfaces' geometric and electronic structures. The STM results have beenprofitably compared with synchrotron-based valence band and core levelphotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) data to provide a more complete picturethan any single technique could provide. On Si(001) a peak seen in valence band PES at Li coverages up to 0.4 MLwas explained by STM images showing a local perturbation of theSi(001)-2x1 reconstruction by the Li atoms. STM also showed that Liadsorption on p-type substrates created localised electron traps whichinduced negative differential resistance in tunnel spectra. The formation of 3D islands of metallic MoSi2 was shown to be a generalfeature of annealing 0.1 - 10 ML Mo films on Si(001) and Si(111) at 800 C.STM and STS showing the growth of the silicide islands at the expense ofatomic-scale features formed at lower temperatures was correlated withPES data showing the changes in the Si bonding on the surface. STS of Rb on Al(111) revealed that the (Root(3)xRoot(3))R30 overlayer formedat room temperature confined electrons to a 2D quantum well state. STM ofthe growing layer supported existing models for the (Root(3)xRoot(3))R30reconstruction and a complex structure formed at lower coverages, as well asdemonstrating the existence of kinetic barriers to atomic motion on thesurface. STM of C60 on Al(111) showed details of the growth of a (2Root(3)x2Root(3))R30ordered overlayer at room temperature. Spectroscopy of an annealedsurface proved that inequivalent molecules in its (6x6) unit cell havedifferent molecular energy levels and bonding to the substrate.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Qvarford, M, et al.
(författare)
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Photoemission and x-ray absorption study of superconducting and semiconducting Ba1-xKxBiO3 single crystals
- 1996
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Ingår i: Physical Review B Condensed Matter. - 0163-1829 .- 1095-3795. ; 54:9, s. 6700-6707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semiconducting Ba0.9K0.1BiO3 and superconducting Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 single crystals cleaved in situ have been studied by core level and valence band photoelectron spectroscopy and O K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the general shape of the valence band spectrum agrees with the shape predicted by band structure calculations, but the intensity near the Fermi level, was lower in the experimental spectrum as compared to the calculated. The O K edge spectra showed that the metallic phase is not related to the presence of doping inducted O 2p holes. This property of Ba1-xKxBiO3 shows that the semiconductor-metal transition of this system is of a different nature than that of the hole doped cuprate high-T-c superconductors. The core level photoemission spectra of the cations showed a small asymmetry for Ba0.9K0.1BiO3. Corresponding spectra for Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 showed a larger asymmetry resulting in a resolved high binding energy shoulder in the Bi 4f spectrum. The origin of this feature is discussed.
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