| 1. |
- Henrekson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
The Rise and Decline of Industrial Foundations as Controlling Owners of Swedish Listed Firms : The Role of Tax Incentives
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 68:2, s. 170-191
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beginning in the interwar period, industrial foundations became a vehicle for the corporate control of large listed firms in Sweden, but in the 1990s they were replaced by wealthy individuals who either directly own controlling blocks or who own them through holding companies. We study potential explanations for this change and propose two taxation-related candidates: shifts in the relative effective taxation across owner types and the dismantling of the inheritance taxation that prevented the generational transfer of the ownership of large controlling blocks. Our analysis exploits newly computed marginal effective capital income tax rates across capital owners, accounting for all relevant factors, including rules governing tax exemptions. We show that the 1990–91 tax reform, abolition of the wealth tax for controlling owners in 1997, 2003 tax exemption of dividends and capital gains on listed stock for holding companies with a voting or equity share of at least 10 percent, and abolition of the inheritance and gift taxes in 2004 reversed the rules of the game. Recently, control has largely been wielded through direct ownership, and the role of foundations is rapidly declining. These findings point to the importance of tax incentives for the use of foundations as the control vehicles of listed firms.
|
|
| 2. |
- Johansson, Dan, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Taxation of Industrial Foundations in Sweden (1862–2018)
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Nordic Tax Journal. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2246-1809. ; :1, s. 1-14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been argued that the Swedish tax system has favored firm control through industrial foundations, which should have inhibited entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, research has been hampered due to a lack of systematic historical tax data. The purpose of this study is to describe the evolution of tax rules for industrial foundations in Sweden between 1862 and 2018 and to calculate the marginal effective tax rate on capital income (METR). The results show that the METR for an equity financed investment is below 20 percent most of the time and occasionally peak at about 40 percent. Treating the requirement that industrial foundations have to donate the bulk of capital income (less capital gains) to charitable purposes as a tax, the METR seldom is below 50 percent when financing investments with new share issues, and often exceeds 100 percent.
|
|
| 3. |
- Mobjörk, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainable development and cross-disciplinary research education: Challenges and opportunities for learning
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Högre Utbildning. - : Cappelen Damm Akademisk. - 2000-7558. ; 10:1, s. 76-89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely accepted that cross-disciplinarity influences education in issues of sustainability and sustainable development. However, despite a large body of research on cross-disciplinarity, less attention has been given to how it shapes research education. Research education is a formative phase in a researcher’s intellectual development and this article considers the whole research education process, including both its formal and informal aspects. It explores this arena and builds on the experiences of PhD candidates engaged in research education characterised by cross-disciplinarity in the realm of sustainable development. Drawing on pedagogical research on socialisation, this article examines how research education is organised in four research milieus and the experiences of PhD candidates pursuing their education in these learning contexts. The aim is to provide insights into how these research milieus can facilitate future cross-disciplinary research education on sustainable development. The analysis finds that in research milieus that provide courses and seminars about cross-disciplinarity, PhD candidates are more confident in situating their own research. The engagement of senior staff and supervisors in these activities is also key to develop a conceptual apparatus and building the capacity to interact with different disciplines and practitioners. Furthermore, the findings show the importance of communicating about cross-disciplinarity throughout the research education process, starting when PhD candidates are recruited and supervisors are appointed.
|
|
| 4. |
- Odebo Länk, Nils, 1988, et al.
(författare)
-
Optical Tweezing and Photothermal Properties of Resonant Dielectric and Metallic Nanospheres
- 2020
-
Ingår i: ACS Photonics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2330-4022. ; 7:9, s. 2405-2412
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optically trapped nanoparticles can be used as efficient mobile probes of nanoscopic forces and temperatures. However, it is crucial that the trapped particle has minimal influence on the system under study while providing a strong enough optical response to actually allow for optical manipulation. This puts severe constraints on the particle size and thermal properties. In particular, strong optical responses associated with plasmon resonances in noble metal nanoparticles and Mie resonances in high index dielectric particles can significantly affect trap stability through enhanced radiation pressure forces and photoinduced heating. Using Mie theory and hot Brownian motion analysis, we calculate trap stability and photothermal properties for nanospheres composed of the best (Ag) and most widely used (Au) plasmonic materials as well as for crystalline and amorphous Si, the prototypic high-index dielectric, using polystyrene as a low-index reference material. We calculate trap stability properties for optical tweezers based on high numerical aperture optics (NA = 1.2) for three of the most widely used laser wavelengths (532, 785, and 1064 nm) and for the case of trapping in water. The results reveal the specific particle size ranges for which optical tweezing is possible in two and three dimensions and indicate that crystalline Si nanoparticles trapped using near-infrared laser beams are the optimal choice for temperature-sensitive optical manipulation applications with small particles.
|
|
| 5. |
- Sundh, Josefin, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Beta-blockeRs tO patieNts with CHronIc Obstructive puLmonary diseasE (BRONCHIOLE) - Study protocol from a randomized controlled trial
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Trials. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1745-6215. ; 21:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Observational studies indicate that beta-blockers are associated with a reduced risk of exacerbation and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) even without overt cardiovascular disease, but data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) are lacking. The aim of this RCT is to investigate whether beta-blocker therapy in patients with COPD without diagnosed cardiovascular disease is associated with a decreased 1-year risk of the composite endpoint of death, exacerbations, or cardiovascular events.Methods: The Beta-blockeRs tO patieNts with CHronIc Obstructive puLmonary diseasE (BRONCHIOLE) study is an open-label, multicentre, prospective RCT. A total of 1700 patients with COPD will be randomly assigned to either standard COPD care and metoprolol at a target dose of 100 mg per day or to standard COPD care only. The primary endpoint is a composite of death, COPD exacerbations, and cardiovascular events. Major exclusion criteria are ischemic heart disease, left-sided heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, critical limb ischemia, and atrial fibrillation/flutter. Study visits are an inclusion visit, a metoprolol titration visit at 1 month, follow-up by telephone at 6 months, and a final study visit after 1 year. Outcome data are obtained from medical history and record review during study visits, as well as from national registries.Discussion: BRONCHIOLE is a pragmatic randomized trial addressing the potential of beta-blockers in patients with COPD. The trial is expected to provide relevant clinical data on the efficacy of this treatment on patient-related outcomes in patients with COPD.
|
|
