| 1. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(author)
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Child witnesses’ metamemory realism
- 2006
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 47, s. 461-470
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the degree of realism in the confidence judgments of 11-12 year old children (N=81) of their answers to questions relating to a short film clip showing a kidnapping event. Four different confidence scales were used: a numeric scale, a picture scale, a line scale, and a written scale. The results demonstrated that the children showed a high level of overconfidence in their memories. However, no significant differences between the four confidence scales were found. The results indicate that, at least in the context investigated, 11-12 year-old children’s confidence in their event memory show poor realism. A comparison with previous research on adults indicates that children show noticeably poorer realism.
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| 2. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, 1952, et al.
(author)
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The effects of source and type of feedback on child witnesses' metamemory accuracy
- 2005
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In: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 19:3, s. 331-344
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the effect of feedback on the accuracy (realism) of 12-year-old children's metacognitive judgments of their answers to questions about a film clip. Two types of judgments were investigated: confidence judgments (on each question) and frequency judgments (i.e. estimates of overall accuracy). The source of feedback, whether it was presented as provided by a teacher or a peer child, did not influence metacognitive accuracy. Four types of feedback were given depending on whether the participant's answer was correct and depending on whether the feedback confirmed or disconfirmed the child's answer. The children showed large overconfidence when they received confirmatory feedback but much less so when they received disconfirmatory feedback. The children gave frequency judgments implying that they had more correct answers than they actually had. No main gender differences were found for any of the measures. The results indicate a high degree of malleability in children's metacognitive judgments.
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| 3. |
- Bakidou, Anna, 1996, et al.
(author)
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On Scene Injury Severity Prediction (OSISP) model for trauma developed using the Swedish Trauma Registry
- 2023
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In: BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. - 1472-6947. ; 23:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Providing optimal care for trauma, the leading cause of death for young adults, remains a challenge e.g., due to field triage limitations in assessing a patient’s condition and deciding on transport destination. Data-driven On Scene Injury Severity Prediction (OSISP) models for motor vehicle crashes have shown potential for providing real-time decision support. The objective of this study is therefore to evaluate if an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based clinical decision support system can identify severely injured trauma patients in the prehospital setting. Methods: The Swedish Trauma Registry was used to train and validate five models – Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network – in a stratified 10-fold cross validation setting and hold-out analysis. The models performed binary classification of the New Injury Severity Score and were evaluated using accuracy metrics, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Precision-Recall curve (AUCPR), and under- and overtriage rates. Results: There were 75,602 registrations between 2013–2020 and 47,357 (62.6%) remained after eligibility criteria were applied. Models were based on 21 predictors, including injury location. From the clinical outcome, about 40% of patients were undertriaged and 46% were overtriaged. Models demonstrated potential for improved triaging and yielded AUC between 0.80–0.89 and AUCPR between 0.43–0.62. Conclusions: AI based OSISP models have potential to provide support during assessment of injury severity. The findings may be used for developing tools to complement field triage protocols, with potential to improve prehospital trauma care and thereby reduce morbidity and mortality for a large patient population.
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| 4. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Partners in Crime: How Liars in Collusion Betray Themselves
- 2003
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In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 33:4, s. 848-868
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paradigmatic task for participants in studies on deception is to assess veracity on the basis of a single statement. However, in applied contexts, lie catchers are often faced with multiple statements (reported by one or several suspects). To appreciate this mismatch, we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs (reporting fabricated alibis) was interrogated twice about an alibi. As predicted, lying pair members were more consistent between themselves than were truth-telling pair members, and single liars and truth tellers were equally consistent over time. Furthermore, truth tellers made more commissions than did liars. Although in line with our repeat vs. reconstruct hypothesis, these findings contrast sharply with beliefs held by professional lie catchers and recommendations found in literature on deception detection. The results are translated into an applied psycholegal context.
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| 5. |
- Granhag, Pär-Anders, 1964, et al.
(author)
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The Cognitive Interview and its effect on witnesses' confidence
- 2004
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In: Psychology, Crime & Law. - : Informa UK Limited. ; 10:1, s. 37-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Today there is ample evidence that the Cognitive Interview (CI) enhances witnesses' memory. However, less is known about how the CI affects eyewitnesses' confidence. To address this shortcoming we conducted a study analyzing how realism in confidence was affected by the CI. All participants were first shown a filmed kidnapping. After 2 weeks we interviewed one-third of the participants according to the guidelines of the CI, one-third according to a Standard Interview (SI), and one-third were not interviewed at all (Control condition). Participants in all three conditions were then asked to answer 45 forced-choice questions, and to give a confidence judgment after each choice. For the questions, no differences in accuracy were found between the three conditions. Confidence was higher in the CI and SI conditions, compared with the Control condition. CI and SI did not differ in meta-cognitive realism but both showed lower realism compared with the Control condition, although only CI significantly so. The results indicate that the inflation in confidence is more likely to be explained in terms of a reiteration effect, than as a consequence of the particular mnemonics characterizing the CI (e.g. "mental reinstatement of context"). In sum, CI does not seem to impair (or improve) the realism in witnesses' confidence, and does not inflate confidence in erroneous recall, compared to a SI.
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| 6. |
- Jonsson, Anders
(author)
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Stress efter traumatiska händelser. Ambulanspersonalens vardag
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Aims: Paper I: To examine the prevalence of posttraumatic stress reactions among ambulance personnel and to investigate whether different levels of Sense Of Coherence are related to different consequences of traumatic stress.Paper II: To uncover the essence of traumatic events experienced by Swedish ambulance personnel. Paper III: To investigate the association between daily work exposure to traumatic events and emotional and mental wellbeing, and if self knowledge influence how well you handle the effects of daily work exposure to such events.Paper IV: To uncover and deepen the understanding of the way ambulance staff experience and handle traumatic events, and to develop the understanding of the life world of the participants.Methods: Paper I & III: To estimate the prevalence of trauma related disorders (Paper I), a representative group of 362 ambulance personal was surveyed through use of Antonovsky s 13-item version of SOC-13 Scale. To measure reactions to traumatic events two instruments were used, Impact of Event Scale (IES-15) and the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10). A correlate was established between posttraumatic symptoms using IES-15 and the Professional Self Description Form (Paper III).Paper II & IV In the study (Paper II) written stories from 52 ambulance personnel describing an experienced traumatic event were analysed by the van Kaam method. In the study ten ambulance personnel were interviewed. To reach a deeper understanding an interpretative Heideggerian approach was applied, based on an existential perspective (Paper IV).Results: Paper I & III: A total of 223 of the ambulance personnel reported that they had had experience of what they described as traumatic situations. Of those who reported a traumatic situation 15.2% scored 31 or more on the IES-15 sub scale. On the PTSS-10 sub scale 12.1% scored 5 or more, which indicates a relatively strong reaction. The study indicates that lower sense of coherence predicts post-traumatic stress. Other predictors for the extent of traumatic stress were longer job experience, age, physical and psychological workload (Paper I). There were significant differences on PSDF sub scales between those with or without posttraumatic symptoms (Paper III). Paper II & IV: Findings indicate that the ambulance personnel have a strong identification with the victims and it is impossible to prepare for events that are unforeseen and meaningless. To handle the overwhelming feelings of identification, the personnel have to gain understanding through talking about those feelings (Paper II). The findings show that post-traumatic stress symptoms, guilt, shame and self-reproach are common after duty related traumatic events (Paper IV).Conclusions: The mental health and emotional well being of ambulance personnel appears to be at risk in accident and emergency work. The high prevalence of PTSD symptoms in ambulance personnel indicates a normal inability to cope with posttraumatic stress caused by their daily work.
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| 7. |
- Strömwall, Leif, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Deception among pairs: "Let's say we had lunch and hope they will swallow it!"
- 2003
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In: Psychology, Crime and Law. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1477-2744 .- 1068-316X. ; 9:2, s. 109-124
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Deception research has neglected the fact that legal-workers often have to try to detect deceit on the basis of statements derived from pairs of suspects, each having been interrogated repeatedly. To remedy this shortcoming we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs was interrogated twice about an alibi. One hundred and twenty undergraduate students were enrolled as lie-catchers. The main findings were that (a) overall deception detection accuracy was modest; (b) lie-catchers given access to a large number of statements did not outperform lie-catchers given access to a lesser number of statements; (c) when asked to justify their veracity assessments the most frequently reported cue was 'consistency within pairs of suspects'; (d) all cues to deception were of low diagnostic value. Psycho-legal aspects of integrating sequential information in deception detection contexts are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Ågård, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Guidance for ambulance personnel on decisions and situations related to out-of-hospital CPR
- 2012
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In: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 83:1, s. 27-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ethical guidelines on out-of-hospital cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) are designed to provide substantial guidance for the people who have to make decisions and deal with situations in the real world. The crucial question is whether it is possible to formulate practical guidelines that will make things somewhat easier for ambulance personnel. The aims of this article are to address the ethical aspects related to out-of-hospital CPR, primarily to decisions on not starting or terminating resuscitation attempts, using the views and experience of ambulance personnel as a starting point, and to summarise the key points in a practice guideline on the subject.
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