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- Nordberg, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Time use and costs of institutionalised elderly persons with or without dementia : results from the Nordanstig cohort in the Kungsholmen Project - a population based study in Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0885-6230 .- 1099-1166. ; 22:7, s. 639-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The aging of the population has become a worldwide phenomenon. This leads to increased demand for services and with limited resources it is important to find a way to estimate how resources can be match to those with greatest need. Aims To analyse time use and costs in institutional care in relation to different levels of cognitive and functional capacity for elderly persons. Methods The population consisted of all institutionalised inhabitants, 75 + years, living in a rural community (n=176). They were clinically examined by physicians and inter-viewed by nurses. Staff and informal care-giving time was examined with the RUD (Resource Utilization in Dementia) instrument. Results Tobit regression analyses showed that having dementia increased the amount of ADL care time with 0.9 h when compared to those not having dementia, whereas each loss of an ADL function (0-6) added 0.6 h of ADL care time. Analysing the total care time use, the presence of dementia added more than 9 h, while each loss of one ADL function added 2.9 h. There were some informal care contributions, however with no correlation to severity in dependency. The estimated cost for institutional care increased with more than 85% for people being dependent in 5-6 ADL activities compared to persons with no functional dependency, and with 30% for persons with dementia compared to the non-demented. Conclusion There is a variation in time use in institutional settings due to differences in ADL dependency but also whether dementia is present or not. This variation has implications for costs of institutional care.
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| 2. |
- Wimo, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010
- 2017
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 13:1, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: In 2010, Alzheimer's Disease International presented estimates of the global cost of illness (COI) of dementia. Since then, new studies have been conducted, and the number of people with dementia has increased. Here, we present an update of the global cost estimates. Methods: This is a societal, prevalence-based global COI study. Results: The worldwide costs of dementia were estimated at United States (US) $818 billion in 2015, an increase of 35% since 2010; 86% of the costs occur in high-income countries. Costs of informal care and the direct costs of social care still contribute similar proportions of total costs, whereas the costs in the medical sector are much lower. The threshold of US $1 trillion will be crossed by 2018. Discussion: Worldwide costs of dementia are enormous and still inequitably distributed. The increase in costs arises from increases in numbers of people with dementia and in increases in per person costs.
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| 3. |
- Wimo, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019
- 2023
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : WILEY. - 1552-5260 .- 1552-5279. ; 19:7, s. 2865-2873
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Dementia is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Estimating total societal costs demonstrates the wide impact of dementia and its main direct and indirect economic components.Methods: We constructed a global cost model for dementia, presenting costs as cumulated global and regional costs.Results: In 2019, the annual global societal costs of dementia were estimated at US $1313.4 billion for 55.2 million people with dementia, corresponding to US $23,796 per person with dementia. Of the total, US $213.2 billion (16%) were direct medical costs, US $448.7 billion (34%) direct social sector costs (including long-term care), and US $651.4 billion (50%) costs of informal care.Discussion: The huge costs of dementia worldwide place enormous strains on care systems and families alike. Although most people with dementia live in low- and middle-income countries, highest total and per-person costs are seen in high-income countries.
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