| 1. |
- Santangelo, James S., et al.
(författare)
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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural dines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.
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| 2. |
- Albert, J., et al.
(författare)
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Risk of HIV transmission from patients on antiretroviral therapy: A position statement from the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy
- 2014
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 46:10, s. 673-677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The modern medical treatment of HIV with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically reduced the morbidity and mortality in patients infected with this virus. ART has also been shown to reduce the transmission risk from individual patients as well as the spread of the infection at the population level. This position statement from the Public Health Agency of Sweden and the Swedish Reference Group for Antiviral Therapy is based on a workshop organized in the fall of 2012. It summarizes the latest research and knowledge on the risk of HIV transmission from patients on ART, with a focus on the risk of sexual transmission. The risk of transmission via shared injection equipment among intravenous drug users is also examined, as is the risk of mother-to-child transmission. Based on current knowledge, the risk of transmission through vaginal or anal intercourse involving the use of a condom has been judged to be minimal, provided that the person infected with HIV fulfils the criteria for effective ART. This probably also applies to unprotected intercourse, provided that no other sexually transmitted infections are present, although it is not currently possible to fully support this conclusion with direct scientific evidence. ART is judged to markedly reduce the risk of blood-borne transmission between people who share injection equipment. Finally, the risk of transmission from mother to child is very low, provided that ART is started well in advance of delivery.
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| 3. |
- Kasiske, Bertram L., et al.
(författare)
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KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients: a summary
- 2010
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Ingår i: Kidney International. - : Elsevier BV. - 1523-1755 .- 0085-2538. ; 77:4, s. 299-311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 2009 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guideline on the monitoring, management, and treatment of kidney transplant recipients is intended to assist the practitioner caring for adults and children after kidney transplantation. The guideline development process followed an evidence-based approach, and management recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant treatment trials. Critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The guideline makes recommendations for immunosuppression and graft monitoring, as well as prevention and treatment of infection, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, and other complications that are common in kidney transplant recipients, including hematological and bone disorders. Limitations of the evidence, especially the lack of definitive clinical outcome trials, are discussed and suggestions are provided for future research. This summary includes a brief description of methodology and the complete guideline recommendations but does not include the rationale and references for each recommendation, which are published elsewhere. Kidney International (2010) 77, 299-311; doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.377; published online 21 October 2009
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| 4. |
- Ng, Bobby G., et al.
(författare)
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DPAGT1 deficiency with encephalopathy (DPAGT1-CDG) : Clinical and genetic description of 11 new patients
- 2018
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Ingår i: JIMD Reports. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 2192-8312 .- 2192-8304. ; 44, s. 85-92
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pathogenic mutations in DPAGT1 cause a rare type of a congenital disorder of glycosylation termed DPAGT1-CDG or, alternatively, a milder version with only myasthenia known as DPAGT1-CMS. Fourteen disease-causing mutations in 28 patients from 10 families have previously been reported to cause the systemic form, DPAGT1-CDG. We here report on another 11 patients from 8 families and add 10 new mutations. Most patients have a very severe disease course, where common findings are pronounced muscular hypotonia, intractable epilepsy, global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and early death. We also present data on three affected females that are young adults and have a somewhat milder, stable disease. Our findings expand both the molecular and clinical knowledge of previously published data but also widen the phenotypic spectrum of DPAGT1-CDG.
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| 5. |
- Edman, K A Paul, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of force rise time during isometric contraction of frog muscle fibres
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 1469-7793 .- 0022-3751. ; 580:3, s. 1007-1019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Force-velocity (F-V) relationships were determined for single frog muscle fibres during the rise of tetanic contraction. F-V curves obtained using isotonic shortening early in a tetanic contraction were different from those obtained at equivalent times with isovelocity shortening, apparently because changing activation early in the contraction leads, in isovelocity experiments, to changing force and changing series elastic extension. F-V curves obtained with isotonic and with isovelocity shortening are similar if the shortening velocity in the isovelocity trials is corrected for series elastic extension. There is a progressive shift in the scaling of force-velocity curves along the force axis during the course of the tetanic rise, reflecting increasing fibre activation. The time taken for F-V curves to reach the steady-state position was quite variable, ranging from about 50 ms after the onset of contraction (1-3 degrees C) to well over 100 ms in different fibres. The muscle force at a fixed, moderately high shortening velocity relative to the force at this velocity during the tetanic plateau was taken as a measure of muscle activation. The reference velocity used was 60% of the maximum shortening velocity (V-max) at the tetanic plateau. The estimated value of the fractional activation at 40 ms after the onset of contraction was used as a measure of the rate of activation. The rate of rise of isometric tension in different fibres was correlated with the rate of fibre activation and with V-max during the plateau of the tetanus. Together differences in rate of activation and in V-max accounted for 60-80% of the fibre-to-fibre variability in the rate of rise of isometric tension, depending on the measure of the force rise time used. There was not a significant correlation between the rate of fibre activation and Vmax. The steady-state F-V characteristics and the rate at which these characteristics are achieved early in contraction are seemingly independent. A simulation study based on F-V properties and series compliance in frog muscle fibres indicates that if muscle activation were instantaneous, the time taken for force to rise to 50% of the plateau value would be about 60% shorter than that actually measured from living fibres. Thus about 60% of the force rise time is a consequence of the time course of activation processes and about 40% represents time taken to stretch series compliance by activated contractile material.
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| 6. |
- Josephson, F., et al.
(författare)
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CYP3A induction and inhibition by different antiretroviral regimens reflected by changes in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol levels
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-6970 .- 1432-1041. ; 64:8, s. 775-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A member of the major human cytochrome P450 superfamily of hemoproteins, CYP3A4/5, converts cholesterol into 4beta-hydroxycholesterol. We studied plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol levels prior to and 4 weeks after initiating antiretroviral therapy that included efavirenz, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or ritonavir-boosted lopinavir with the aim of exploring the usefulness of plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol levels as an endogenous biomarker of CYP3A activity. Efavirenz is an inducer of CYP3A, whereas the ritonavir-boosted regimens are net inhibitors of CYP3A. RESULTS: In patients treated with efavirenz, the median plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol level increased by 46 ng/mL (p = 0.004; n = 11). In contrast, patients given ritonavir-boosted atazanavir showed a median decrease in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol of -9.4 ng/mL (p = 0.0003; n = 22), and those given ritonavir-boosted lopinavir showed a median change from baseline of -5.8 ng/mL (p = 0.38; n = 19). There were significant between-group differences in the effects of antiretroviral treatment on plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol levels (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Changes in plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol following the initiation of efavirenz- or atazanavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy reflected the respective net increase and decrease of CYP3A activity of these regimens. The plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol level did not indicate a net CYP3A inhibition in the lopinavir/ritonavir arm, possibly because of concomitant enzyme induction.
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