| 1. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(author)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 2. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 3. |
- Jung, Young-Eun, et al.
(author)
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The Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: An extended validation
- 2012
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In: Stress and Health. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1532-3005 .- 1532-2998. ; 28:4, s. 319-326
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC) is a brief self‐rating questionnaire for measuring resilience. The aims of the present study were to describe the development of a Korean version of the CD‐RISC (K‐CD‐RISC) and to more firmly establish its psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity. The participants consisted of a general population sample (n = 194) and psychiatric outpatients (n = 127) with non‐psychotic mood or anxiety disorders. The K‐CD‐RISC score means (standard deviation) were 65.9 (13.6) in the general population and 50.4 (20.5) in the psychiatric outpatients. The mean score of the general population was significantly higher than that of the psychiatric outpatients. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors, and the obtained factor structure was verified through confirmatory factor analysis. In the general population, the Cronbach's α coefficient of the K‐CD‐RISC was found to be 0.92. Greater resilience was found to be associated with less perceived stress, anxiety and depression and with higher levels of positive affect and purpose in life. Taken together, our findings suggest that the K‐CD‐RISC has good psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable tool for assessing resilience.
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| 4. |
- Swami, Viren, et al.
(author)
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The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries Across 10 World Regions : Results of the International Body Project I
- 2010
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In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 36:3, s. 309-325
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.
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| 5. |
- Jung, Ivar, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Colour associations for the words feminine and masculine in nine different countries
- 2019
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In: Book of Abstracts. - Newtown : The International Colour Association. ; , s. 63-63
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main goal of this study is to examine how colours with different hue, lightness and saturation are associated with the words feminine and masculine. Both concepts are among the leading concepts actively circulating in society, and thus being familiar to the great majority of adherents to different cultures. Their content reflects gender stereotypes, gender roles, actual and perceived sexual orientation and significantly differs across countries and time periods.The objectives of our investigation were three-fold: (1) to reveal colour structure of both concepts in different cultures; (2) to visualize the obtained color associations and (3) to understand their cultural significance and specificity in different countries, ages, sex, and religious backgrounds.The method used in this research was previously implemented during a pilot stage in Sweden and Nepal in 2016 and first presented at the AIC2016 Conference in Santiago. Since then the number of countries extended from 2 to 9. The data in the present study was collected in Germany, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda.The experiment participants were given 26 words, including the words feminine and masculine, and asked to match each word to a sample from a chart with 27 selected colours from the NCS system. The subjects participated in the experiment in English. They did not have any known colour defects, and they were born and lived in the same country.In total, the final dataset included 18,072 responses received from 753 participants.The results will be presented with statistics and diagrams showing the chosen colours, and analyzed in terms of how coherent are the answers and which potential patterns emerge specific to the countries and their cultural contexts. It will be possible to compare the answers of groups separately and to analyze if there are differences in the chosen colours related to the subjects’ sex, age, religion and experience of colour.The research possesses wide prospects for further development, based on the material of other cultures, together with a potential for considerable application. The obtained results could be valuable in compiling topical dictionaries and reference books, teaching activities, as well as contributing to a great spectrum of practical tasks in architecture, design and advertising communication.
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| 6. |
- Jung, Ivar, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Colour Associations in Different Cultures
- 2018
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In: Proceedings of the International Colour Association (AIC) Conference 2018. - Newtown : The International Colour Association. - 9780648472407 ; , s. 503-508
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate if there are colours that are associated with certain words. The study was conducted in nine countries (Germany, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Turkey and Uganda) to see if there are cultural differences in the way people associate colours with the words. The subjects were asked to match each of the words with only one colour. They could choose colours from the chart consisting of 27 colour samples selected from the NCS Atlas. In total, the dataset included 18,072 responses from 753 participants. The collected data were analysed by hue, chromaticness and the degree of blackness and whiteness. The results show that the colour associations with the words vary to different extent between the different countries. That indicates that there are universal associations with colours for some of the words, as well as cultural differences.
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