| 1. |
- Henriques, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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The modest environmental relief resulting from the transition to the service economy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 70:2, s. 271-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A service transition is supposed to lead to the decline of energy intensity (energy/GDP). We argue that this interpretation is overly optimistic because the shift to a service economy is somewhat of an illusion in terms of real production. Several recent studies of structural effects on energy intensity have made the error of using sector shares in current prices, combined with GDP in constant prices, which is inconsistent and ignores the different behaviour of prices across sectors. We use the more correct method of sector shares in constant prices, and make an attempt to single out the effect from the real service transition by using two complementary methods: shift share analyses in current and constant prices, and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) for 10 developed and 3 emerging economies. A service transition is rather modest in real terms. The major driver of the decline in energy intensity rests within the manufacturing sector. Meanwhile, the transition to a service sector had a small downward impact on energy intensity in 7 of the developed countries (and no impact in the others). For emerging economies like Brazil, Mexico and India, it is the residential sector that drives energy intensity down because of the declining share of this sector as the formal economy grows, and as a consequence of switching to more efficient fuels.
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| 2. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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International Trade and Energy Intensity during European Industrialization, 1870-1935
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009. ; 139, s. 33-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that there is an inverted U-shape curve for energy intensity in the long-run for Western Europewith a peak in the early 20th century. This paper tests the hypothesis that the increase of German and British energy intensity was an effect from the concentration of heavy industrial production to these countries, although the consumption of a significant share of these goods took place elsewhere. We use an entirely new database that we have constructed (TEG: Trade, Energy, Growth) to test whether these countries exported more energy-demanding goods than they imported, thus providing other countries with means to industrialize and to consume cheap-energy demanding goods. We find that the U-shape curve is greatly diminished but does not disappear. The pronounced inverted U-curve in German energy intensity without trade adjustments is reduced when we account for energy embodied in the traded commodities. For Britain the shape of the curve is also flattened during the second half of the 19th century, before falling from WWI onwards. These consumption-based accounts are strongly influenced by the trade in metal goods and fuels, facilitating industrialization elsewhere.
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| 3. |
- Nielsen, Hana, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency and the productivity race in industry
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The major aim of this paper is to analyze energy use and particularly energy productivity in some of the major manufacturing processes, such as iron and steel or paper production. Energy, as one of factors of production and substitute to labor, has often been neglected in various productivity benchmark studies. It is the aim of this paper to further investigate this relationship between energy and labor productivity, with a specific focus on the manufacturing industries across Europe and the US.
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