| 1. |
- Gales, Ben, et al.
(författare)
-
North versus South: Energy transition and energy intensity in Europe over 200 years
- 2007
-
Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-0044 .- 1361-4916. ; 11:2, s. 219-253
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper examines energy consumption in Sweden, Holland, Italy and Spain over 200 years, including both traditional and modern energy car-riers. The article is based on totally new series of energy consumption in-cluding traditional carriers along with modern sources. Our main purposes are a closer examination of the process of the energy transition in Europe and a revision of the prevailing idea of there being, over the long run, an inverted U-curve in energy intensity. Changes in energy consumption are decomposed into effects from population growth, economic growth and energy intensity. The results on energy intensity challenge previous suggestions of most scholars. An inverted U curve does not exist whenever we include traditional sources of energy in our analysis.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy - and CO2 Intensities during the 19th and 20th Centuries: Sweden versus Spain
- 2004
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine energy and CO2 intensities (energy use / GDP and CO2 emissions / GDP) in Sweden and Spain during the last two hundred years. The first aim is to establish reliable and comparable time-series. We include all energy that involves some human effort in its capture. Therefore, not only do we include modern energy carriers such as coal, oil, and electricity, but also we aim to account for firewood, peat, direct working water, and wind in order to have a more accurate view of energy intensities in the 19th century. The GDP series rely on the most up to date figures provided by economic historians in the two countries. Energy data for Sweden are based on the data and methods in Kander’s doctoral thesis (2002) with the addition of a new estimate of wind used by sailing ships. For Spain, we aim to establish consistent time-series for energy and CO2. Existing data for Spain rarely extend before 1950. Furthermore, for the last 50 years the data sources differ significantly. While IEA data suggest increasing energy use per unit of output, national energy consumption data indicate a flat or decreasing pattern. In all cases, our preliminary results show very different energy and CO2 intensity paths for Sweden and Spain over time. The second aim of the paper is to analyse this outcome. The differences observed may be related to the differing economic structures, differing incentives for technical change, and the different climatic conditions in the two countries.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy intensity : the roles of rebound, capital stocks, and trade
- 2020
-
Ingår i: A Research Agenda for Environmental Economics. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781789900040 - 9781789900057 ; , s. 122-142
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to conventional wisdom, improving energy efficiency is an easy way to mitigate climate change and improve energy security, though the reduction in energy intensity in developed economies is largely due to offshoring energy-intensive production to developing countries. This chapter presents a contrarian view. Theory, historical evidence, and time series analysis suggest that the economy-wide rebound effect is large. Energy efficiency improvements may actually result in no net energy savings, an outcome known as backfire or Jevons’ paradox. Despite this, energy intensity declined over the last two centuries in the US and some other developed economies. So, there is an open question of what has driven this decline in energy intensity. As it is machines, appliances, and structures that actually use energy, the relationship between capital and energy is crucial to understanding how energy intensity evolves. Strong inertia permeates energy systems that have well-established infrastructures on both the supply and demand sides, making it difficult to change course. This inertia seems to be proportional to the scale of the energy system undergoing transition. Future research should investigate how capital stocks affect the pace of change. International trade is another factor affecting energy intensity. When technology differences are accounted for, offshoring of energy use through trade specialization is not as important as commonly believed, and cannot explain much of the decline in energy intensity in developed economies. Recently, however, the export portfolios of some developed countries, with a strong historical record of energy intensive exports, have become less energy intensive, while their imports have become more so. This trend towards outsourcing also calls for more research.
|
|
