| 1. |
- Czachura, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying Potential Indicators of Neighbourhood Solar Access in Urban Planning
- 2022
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Ingår i: Buildings. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-5309. ; 12:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar access describes the capacity of urban spaces to receive sunlight and daylight. Rapid urbanization and unbridled densification pose a threat to sustainable solar access, reducing the penetration of sunlight and daylight into cities. To effectively assess solar access at such an early design stage, at the urban planning level, it is critical that evaluation metrics are simple and reliable. This paper examines a cross section of solar metrics, from simple to more complex ones, to find potential solar performance indicators for urban planning evaluations. The metric datasets were created based on iterations of homogeneous neighbourhood designs, based on the three commonest typologies in the Swedish context: courtyard, slab, and tower. The results were validated using case studies sampled from districts of Malmö. The findings indicate that simple geometrical and latitudinal metrics may be suitable for assessing the solar access of urban designs due to high correlation with built density. Potential performance indicators aimed at indoor and outdoor evaluation of daylighting (VSC, SVF) and sunlighting (ASH_F, RD_G) in urban planning stages were suggested. Possible methods of applying the provided metric database into assessments were proposed. Future work should find evidence-based thresholds for the metric values to establish performance benchmarks.
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| 2. |
- Czachura, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of Weather Files and Their Importance for Building Performance Simulations in the Light of Climate Change and Urban Heat Islands
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings ISES Solar World Congress 2021. - Freiburg, Germany : International Solar Energy Society. - 9783982040875 ; , s. 1218-1227
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building performance predictions and their reliability rely heavily on weather data inputs. Climate is affected by spatial and temporal differences related to climate change and urban heat island effects, but the weather files used in building performance simulations (BPS) often remain unchanged and may represent weather observations generated from inadequate space and time for their application. This study investigated Swedish weather data using statistical methods and analysed i) the local differences related to rural and urban microclimates and ii) the country-wide differences linked to climate change; by comparing recent observation data to the respective EnergyPlus Weather (EPW) files. The findings reveal that there are significant differences between rural and urban temperature means, and that outdated model years of weather data files make them unsuitable for BPS. The impact of using an inadequate weather file based on changes in recent climate in Sweden can lead to an overestimation of heating demand by 6.5 % on average, while the impact is higher for warmer climates-up to 12 %. The combined impact including climate change and urban heat island effects can lead to a heating energy overestimation by 12 % to 19 %, based on the Stockholm example. On the other hand, it was found that although the global radiation means saw a slightly increasing trend, its impact on the BPS remains inconclusive. The study highlights the importance of selection of adequate weather data for BPS keeping in mind the spatial and temporal influencing factors.
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| 3. |
- Czachura, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Solar Performance Metrics in Urban Planning : A Review and Taxonomy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Buildings. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-5309. ; 12:4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metrics are instrumental in design assessments. Solar performance metrics help designers to evaluate solar access in cities. Metrics should be used early in the urban planning stages in order to enable sustainable urban development with greater access to solar energy. Currently, solar assessments at this design stage are limited in practice; established methods or routines are lacking, and so are suitable metrics. This paper reviews the relevant literature to provide a critical overview of solar metrics commonly used in building performance assessments. The review defines key metric formulation principles—valuation, time constraint, and normalisation—which should be considered when designing a performance indicator. A new taxonomy of solar performance metrics is provided. Metric definitions, suitability, and limitations are discussed. The findings highlightthe need for reliable, low-complexity metrics and adequate methods for early solar assessments for urban planning.
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| 4. |
- Dahlberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Solenergi i stadsbyggnadsskalan
- 2014
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Ingår i: Plan. - 0032-0560. ; 6, s. 18-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Davidsson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Energy use of buildings in relation to occupancy rates
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Building Physics Conference. - : IOP Publishing. ; :2069
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents basic data of the energy demand for district heating and plug loads logged by a building management system of an energy-efficient academic building located in Lund, Sweden. The data refers to the years 2019 and 2020 when occupancy varied significantly due to the Corona pandemic. The data shows that the building energy demand adapts poorly to fluctuating occupancy rates. With a possible increase of smart working in the future, building codes should account for more fluctuating occupancy rates in the modelling of the energy demand of buildings.
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| 6. |
- Formolli, Matteo, et al.
(författare)
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Solar Energy in the Nordic Built Environment: Challenges, Opportunities and Barriers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 14:24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the framework Solar Heating and Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency Task 51 “Solar Energy in Urban Planning”, case studies from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were collected and analyzed through a comparative approach. The cases were first classified based on their urban characterization (existing and new urban areas) and then compared within the same country or in a cross-country perspective according to three areas of interest (i.e., Scale and planning process, Legislation and planning process, Targets and goals). The comparisons follow a common template of five sections describing the role of the involved stakeholders and highlighting challenges, barriers, and opportunities for the deployment of active solar systems and passive solar strategies. Both technical and non-technical aspects are considered. Among the technical aspects, the focus is on the adoption of solar energy strategies (e.g., solar accessibility, daylighting), the estimation of solar potential and energy generation. Regarding the non-technical aspects, the focus is on identifying barriers and challenges for the adoption of solar systems in relation to national and local legislation. The findings show that municipalities can have a crucial role in facilitating the adoption of solar energy solutions in cities by embracing ambitious visions and storytelling, as well as being directly financially involved as owners or subsidizing bodies. The findings also demonstrate the value of the use of indicators to evaluate the performance of masterplans, the combination of analogue and digital tools in the design process, and the performance of solar simulations from early stages to foster awareness among the involved stakeholders. Despite these positives, the Scandinavian legislation on solar energy utilization in the urban context still displays fragilities, making the creation of guidelines a pressing need.
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| 7. |
- Gentile, Niko, et al.
(författare)
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A Method to Introduce Building Performance Simulation to Beginners
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Competence in performing Building Performance Simulations (BPS) is a fundamental asset for an energy specialist. However, teaching BPS to new students can be challenging, often due to the overwhelming capabilities of the software. The consequences for students are frustration and lack of confidence using the software, dividing group work based on previous expertise and, mostimportantly, the inability to predict and critically analyse results due to the superficial understanding of simulations. This paper presents and evaluates a simple method named ‘control method’ which is intended to introduce BPS in classes where students have a limited experience working with BPS, significantly dierent educational backgrounds, and where the time to teach BPS in class is limited. The method is built around the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes taxonomy. It aims to provide the students with a basic understanding of the input-output relationship between parameters, prompting the use of BPS independently during their individual study time. The application of the method is evaluated with two survey-based studies. The findings suggest that the method prompts higher level thinking in BPS and collaborative learning in groups. Further investigation is needed to verify if students’ ability to predict results is also increased.
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| 8. |
- Gentile, Niko, et al.
(författare)
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Teaching Building Performance Simulations to students with a diverse background by using a Control Method
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Building Simulation 2019: 16th Conference of IBPSA. - : IBPSA. - 2522-2708. - 9781775052012 ; 3, s. 1579-1586
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performing advanced and reliable Building Performance Simulations (BPS) in order to study, for example, the energy use of future buildings is an important ability to gain as a future energy specialist. Learning and understanding BPS software and results may be arduous, notably for groups with disparate knowledge. Frustration may arise among students, making learning even more difficult. In this paper, we use questionnaires to evaluate the introduction of a so-called “control method” in the first BPS teaching module of a Master Programme attended by students with diverse backgrounds. The control method verifies – or controls - the results of a basic energy simulation of a traditional shoebox model with those obtained via an Excel sheet based on building code. Through a smoother and guided introduction of BPS to novices, the method aims to increase the level of confidence in BPS tools and more independence in the work. The questionnaires’ answers suggest that the method fulfils its goals to a reasonable extent.
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| 9. |
- Hachem Vermette, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Towards the development of legislative framework for solar neighborhoods
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Built Environment. - 2297-3362. ; 10
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing implementation of sustainable urban infrastructure, utilizing solar energy for heat and power generation, daylighting, and thermal comfort, has intensified the focus on sustainability standards and guidelines. Nevertheless, a noticeable deficiency persists in regulations that specifically address solar energy access and protection, posing a barrier to the diffusion of solar-centric neighborhoods. This paper examines the traditional urban regulatory frameworks and the state of solar energy regulations and practices within five countries (i.e., Canada, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland). The aim of the study is to (i) identify gaps in existing regulations, standards, and codes, (ii) highlight the need for future regulations to protect solar access and rights, and (iii) support the deployment of solar technologies on a large scale. The results underline that climate-related regulations often fall short of specificity tailored to regional and local climates, relying on generalized climate considerations. Solar energy legislation is generally scarce and lacks comprehensive planning. Finally, despite various financial incentives for the installation of active solar strategies, their impact remains limited, impeding the wide spread of solar technology as a primary source of energy production in urban environment.
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| 10. |
- Imenes, Anne Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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3D solar maps for the evaluation of building integrated photovoltaics in future city districts : A norwegian case study
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, PVSC 2016. - 9781509027248 ; 2016-November, s. 3141-3146
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three-dimensional (3D) solar maps based on Radiance simulations are presented for a future city district in southern Norway. The surface mapping method provides the commercial developer with a practical tool to evaluate the potential for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). The solar maps identify the optimum roof and facade areas available for solar energy utilization. The importance of BIPV and facade utilization in new city developments is discussed, along with key questions raised by the commercial developer regarding the practical implementation of BIPV solutions. Based on feedback from the building industry, a simplified model has been implemented to evaluate surface areas producing a profit or a loss over the PV system lifetime. As tilted photovoltaic (PV) modules installed on flat roofs are not building integrated, three simulation variants have been performed for flat roofs with a small inclination up to ten degrees. For some buildings this will give a small gain in annual PV production and payback time. The resulting 3D solar maps give the developer a possibility to review early-stage plans in terms of building shapes and positions in the landscape, in order to maximize utilization of the available solar resource. This enables cost- and energy-efficient development of nearly zero-energy buildings in future city districts.
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