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- Carlquist, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Plenaravlat, kultföremål och valvslagning: Sockenkyrkans ekonomi i Sverige 1430-1519 : [Indulgences, wooden sculptures and vaulting: The economy of the parish church in Sweden 1430-1519]
- 2019
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - : Svenska Historiska Föreningen. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 139:2, s. 193-222
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish medievalists have presented two theories to explain how the investments in vaulting, murals and wooden sculptures in parish churches were made possible from the 1430s and onwards. Everyone agrees that the boom in construction activity is the first discernible sign of recovery after the economic set-back that the Black Death (1350) and recurring outbursts of plague in the following century brought on the country. Primary source material is scant. Only seven parish churches have left us records of their economic activity. One theory posits that the process of vaulting and church decoration was driven chiefly by donations from the nobility. The second theory relies heavily on the fact that land rent and land prices plummeted immediately after the Black Death and remained low. From the middle of the 15th century even freeholders enjoyed considerably reduced tax rates. This development left a bigger share of the agricultural surplus in the hands of the peasant community, who spent part of it on their parish churches. By creating a full picture of church land transactions (cathedrals, monasteries and parish churches), comparing the level of donations of land to the church with the level of business (buying, selling, exchanging) this study reveals that the parish church had a hard time attracting donors; their share was only five per cent of the total amount of donations 1430-1519. A special investigation was made of parish churches where vaulting had been carried out and supplied with an antiquarian description, which were scrutinised for traces of noble presence, chiefly coats of arms, which could suggest that local nobility had been involved in reconstruction or decoration of church premises. Only one fifth of the churches showed such signs of noble presence. In a third investigation, indulgences issued for parish churches were analysed as a new factor. International research has pointed out that the issuing of such indulgences had a practical economic intent as well as a celestial purpose: to offer a perpetual source of income for the church's building fund, the fabrica. Seven per cent of the estimated total number of parish churches - 103 of a total of 1 500 - were issued such letters. The overall evidence therefore favours the second theory, with the input from the nobility seriously downplayed but still present.
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- Kardell, Örjan, 1963-
(författare)
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A theoretical study for North Vietnam of alternative agroforestry systems to pure cassava
- 1993
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Ingår i: Agroforestry Systems. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0167-4366 .- 1572-9680. ; 21:3, s. 251-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cassava is recognized in the region as the second most important crop after paddy rice. In Vinh Phu province of Vietnam, it is usually grown on highly erodible slopes of the small hills surrounding paddy fields. Cassava crop land is generally in annual use until the yield is less than 3-4 t fresh tubers/ha. This constant cropping system rapidly depletes the soil as fertilizers are infrequently used and crop residues are usually removed from the fields. Erosion is a major problem as the soil is exposed through hand cultivation and regular weeding during a cropping season which coincides with the wet season. Sustainable and productive cropping systems are needed. In order to take a first step towards sustainability, this paper presents several possible agroforestry systems in which cassava could be intercropped with a number of nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs. Several theoretical combinations have been examined assuming a critical lower production limit of 3-4 t fresh tubers/ha. Those with sustained high potential yields are recommended for future field experimentation.
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| 7. |
- Kardell, Örjan, 1963-
(författare)
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Cows and Forests : Swedish Environmental History
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. - : MIT Press. - 0022-1953 .- 1530-9169. ; 43:2, s. 275-287
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden became a modern country only in the twentieth century. A major shift in silvicultural practices, plus an emphasis on dairy production, contributed to this national transformation at a time when, paradoxically, rural Sweden was being denuded of people and agriculturally and pastorally driven pursuits were replaced by urban-based industries and services. The introduction of cheap oil and of improvements in agricultural technologies and strategies had more to do with the development of forestry in Sweden during the twentieth century than any of forestry's own achievements did during the same period. The southern third of Sweden benefited more from these innovations than did the two northernmost thirds.
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- Kardell, Örjan, 1963-
(författare)
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Geten som skogens fiende
- 2017
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Ingår i: Geten i Sverige. - Uppsala : Institutet för språk och folkminnen. - 9789186959357 ; , s. 105-122
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Kardell, Örjan, 1963-
(författare)
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Gärdsgårdar : i människans tjänst under 800 år
- 2004
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Hankgärdsgården är en teknisk nyhet från tidig medeltid, och samtida med bybildning och ett fastare trädessystem. I hankgärdsgården kunde gran användas till alla delar i konstruktionen. I de äldre, flätade hägnaderna användes huvudsakligen färska lövträd. Ända sedan den slog igenom hade hankgärdsgårdens höjd och täthet reglerats i lagstiftningen, likaså vilka markslag som omfattades och vem det ålåg att stänga kring dem. Först under 1800-talet förändrades hägnadsplikten. En omvälvande lagändring kom 1857; därefter var det inte längre grödorna som skulle hägnas, utan rågångar och fastighetsgränser. Från och med 1850 blev det möjligt att inom byalag avtala bort lagens krav på gärdsgårdarnas täthet. Detta skedde i en tid då billigt importerat bomullstyg fick fårstammen att krympa drastiskt, och där fåren försvann kunde gärdsgårdarna stängas glesare. Glesa gärdsgårdar drog också mindre virke.
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