| 1. |
- Avdic, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Modern Family? : Paternity Leave and Marital Stability
- 2018
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 10:4, s. 283-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how relationship stability of couples is affected by an increase in fathers' involvement in staying home from work with young children. We make use of a parental leave reform in Sweden that earmarked one month of paid leave to each parent in a regression discontinuity difference-in-differences (RD-DD) framework. Couples who were affected by the reform increased the take-up of fathers' leave but also increased their probability of separation compared to unaffected couples. We argue that the separation effect can be explained by the degree of restrictiveness of the policy in combination with role conflicts in traditional family constellations.
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| 2. |
- Ginja, Rita, et al.
(författare)
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Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs
- 2023
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 15:1, s. 107-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Search frictions make worker turnover costly to firms. A three-month parental leave expansion in Sweden provides exogenous variation that we use to quantify firms' adjustment costs upon worker absence. The reform increased women's leave duration and likelihood of separating from pre-birth employers. Firms with greater exposure to the reform hired additional workers and increased coworkers to make it coworkers' hours, incurring wage costs corresponding to 10 full-time equivalent months in addition to replacing the work-ers. These adjustment costs varied by firms' availability of internal substitutes. We also analyze a daddy-month reform and find similar employer responses to male workers' leave, albeit smaller in magni-tude.
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| 3. |
- Ginja, Rita, et al.
(författare)
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Parental Leave Benefits, Household Labor Supply, and Children's Long-Run Outcomes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Labor Economics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0734-306X .- 1537-5307. ; 38:1, s. 261-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study how parental leave benefit levels affect household labor supply, family income, and child outcomes, exploiting the speed premium (SP) in the Swedish leave system. The SP grants mothers higher benefits for a subsequent child without reestablishing eligibility through market work if two births occur within a prespecified interval. We use the spacing eligibility cutoffs in a regression discontinuity framework and find that the SP improves educational outcomes of the older child but not those of the younger. Impacts are likely driven by increased maternal time and the quality of maternal time relative to the counterfactual mode of care.
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| 4. |
- Graetz, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Gender gap variation across assessment types : Explanations and implications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish population data, we document that girls outperform boys by a third of a standard deviation in school grades, whereas a gap of similar magnitude but opposite sign persists in SAT scores in the sample of non-randomly selected test takers. We establish that grades capture different attributes than SAT scores, which accounts for much of the variation in gender gaps. A model of SAT participation illustrates how women's greater participation-driven by traits not rewarded by higher scores-leads to their negative selection on observed and unobserved traits. We explore the quantitative importance of this mechanism and conclude that while selection is important, it fails to account for a substantial fraction of the gender gap in SAT scores, suggesting the possibility that the SAT penalizes women.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Worker absenteeism : peer influences, monitoring and job flexibility
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0964-1998 .- 1467-985X. ; 182:2, s. 605-621
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the presence of other‐regarding preferences in the workplace by exploiting a randomized experiment that changed the monitoring of workers’ health during sick leave. We show that workers’ response to an increase in co‐worker shirking, induced by the experiment, is much stronger than the response to a decrease in co‐worker shirking. The asymmetric spillover effects are consistent with evidence of fairness concerns documented in laboratory experiments. Moreover, we find that the spillover effect is driven by workers with highly flexible and autonomous jobs, suggesting that co‐worker monitoring may be at least as important as formal monitoring in alleviating shirking.
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| 6. |
- Karimi, Arizo, 1983-
(författare)
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Impacts of Policies, Peers and Parenthood on Labor Market Outcomes
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of five self-contained papers.Paper 1 This paper analyzes the causal effect of the timing of first birth on highly educated women's career outcomes. To address the endogeneity of birth timing to labor market outcomes, I instrument the former with the occurrence of pregnancy loss before first birth. The results from OLS estimation suggest that a one-year delay of motherhood is positively associated with income and wages. However, 2SLS estimation instead indicates that a one-year delay has a significantly negative effect on both income and wages. The negative effects might partly be explained by child spacing: motherhood delay induces women to have the second child more closely spaced (but not fewer or more children altogether), and consequently to have a potentially longer consequtive parental leave. The same findings hold true when I employ an individual-fixed effects estimator based on panel data and no instrument, from which the results suggest a larger slope decline in the wage profile for "late" mothers compared to "earlier" mothers.Paper 2 This paper analyzes the relevance of spacing births for women's subsequent earnings and wages. Spacing births in longer intervals may allow women to re-enter the labor market between childbearing events, thereby avoiding expanded work interruptions and, in turn, reduce the negative effects of subsequent children. Based on arguably exogenous variation in birth spacing induced by pregnancy loss between the first two live births, the evidence provided in this paper supports this hypothesis and suggest that delaying second birth by one year, on average, increases the probability of re-entering the labor market between births. Moreover, spacing births are found to increase both labor market participation and labor income over an extended horizon after second birth. Also long-run wages are positively affected, with a more pronounced effect for highly educated mothers.Paper 3 This paper studies gender differences in the extent to which social preferences affect workers' shirking decisions. Using exogenous variation in work absence induced by a randomized field experiment that increased treated workers' absence, we find that also non-treated workers increase their absence as a response. Furthermore, we find that male workers react more strongly to decreased monitoring. In addition, our results suggest significant heterogeneity in the degree of influence that male and female workers exert on each other: conditional on the potential exposure to same-sex co-workers, men are only affected by their male peers, and women are only affected by their female peers.Paper 4 We examine the temporal pattern of the causal effect of fertility on female labor income using panel data based on Swedish registers, and instrumenting family size with parents' preferences for a mixed-sex sibling composition. The effect of a third child over the life cycle is evaluated against the alternative of stopping at two children. Our findings indicate a sizeable income reduction in the immediate years after birth, followed by a catching-up effect in income. The short-lived reduction likely corresponds to formal parental leave. Gauging the magnitude of the effect, we find that income decreases by roughly 11 percent over a 10-year horizon after birth. No effects are found on long-run wage rates or on contracted hours of work.Paper 5 This paper re-examines the labor supply responses to changes in the Swedish parental leave system, recognizing that take-up of parental leave benefits might not fully reflect time off from work in a system where job protection exceeds paid leave. We study three reforms, of which the first expanded the entitlement to paid leave by three months, and the two other reforms introduced gender quotas in paid leave. We find that both mothers and fathers decreased their labor supply when entitlement to paid leave was increased. However, the additional benefits were spread out over a long horizon and thus seem to have been used by parents to increase job flexibility. In addition, we find no evidence suggesting that the introduced gender quotas in paid leave altered parents' labor supply.
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