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- Kanis, J A, et al.
(författare)
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Previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk: a meta-analysis to update FRAX.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. - : Springer Nature. - 1433-2965 .- 0937-941X. ; 34:12, s. 2027-2045
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large international meta-analysis using primary data from 64 cohorts has quantified the increased risk of fracture associated with a previous history of fracture for future use in FRAX.The aim of this study was to quantify the fracture risk associated with a prior fracture on an international basis and to explore the relationship of this risk with age, sex, time since baseline and bone mineral density (BMD).We studied 665,971 men and 1,438,535 women from 64 cohorts in 32 countries followed for a total of 19.5 million person-years. The effect of a prior history of fracture on the risk of any clinical fracture, any osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture alone was examined using an extended Poisson model in each cohort. Covariates examined were age, sex, BMD, and duration of follow-up. The results of the different studies were merged by using the weighted β-coefficients.A previous fracture history, compared with individuals without a prior fracture, was associated with a significantly increased risk of any clinical fracture (hazard ratio, HR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.72-2.07). The risk ratio was similar for the outcome of osteoporotic fracture (HR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.69-2.07), major osteoporotic fracture (HR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.63-2.06), or for hip fracture (HR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.62-2.06). There was no significant difference in risk ratio between men and women. Subsequent fracture risk was marginally downward adjusted when account was taken of BMD. Low BMD explained a minority of the risk for any clinical fracture (14%), osteoporotic fracture (17%), and for hip fracture (33%). The risk ratio for all fracture outcomes related to prior fracture decreased significantly with adjustment for age and time since baseline examination.A previous history of fracture confers an increased risk of fracture of substantial importance beyond that explained by BMD. The effect is similar in men and women. Its quantitation on an international basis permits the more accurate use of this risk factor in case finding strategies.
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| 2. |
- Vandenput, L., et al.
(författare)
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A meta-analysis of previous falls and subsequent fracture risk in cohort studies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Nature. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 35:3, s. 469-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary: The relationship between self-reported falls and fracture risk was estimated in an international meta-analysis of individual-level data from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were associated with an increased fracture risk in women and men and should be considered as an additional risk factor in the FRAX® algorithm. Introduction: Previous falls are a well-documented risk factor for subsequent fracture but have not yet been incorporated into the FRAX algorithm. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an international meta-analysis, the association between previous falls and subsequent fracture risk and its relation to sex, age, duration of follow-up, and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: The resource comprised 906,359 women and men (66.9% female) from 46 prospective cohorts. Previous falls were uniformly defined as any fall occurring during the previous year in 43 cohorts; the remaining three cohorts had a different question construct. The association between previous falls and fracture risk (any clinical fracture, osteoporotic fracture, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture) was examined using an extension of the Poisson regression model in each cohort and each sex, followed by random-effects meta-analyses of the weighted beta coefficients. Results: Falls in the past year were reported in 21.4% of individuals. During a follow-up of 9,102,207 person-years, 87,352 fractures occurred of which 19,509 were hip fractures. A previous fall was associated with a significantly increased risk of any clinical fracture both in women (hazard ratio (HR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.33–1.51) and men (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41–1.67). The HRs were of similar magnitude for osteoporotic, major osteoporotic fracture, and hip fracture. Sex significantly modified the association between previous fall and fracture risk, with predictive values being higher in men than in women (e.g., for major osteoporotic fracture, HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.27–1.84) in men vs. HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.20–1.45) in women, P for interaction = 0.013). The HRs associated with previous falls decreased with age in women and with duration of follow-up in men and women for most fracture outcomes. There was no evidence of an interaction between falls and BMD for fracture risk. Subsequent risk for a major osteoporotic fracture increased with each additional previous fall in women and men. Conclusions: A previous self-reported fall confers an increased risk of fracture that is largely independent of BMD. Previous falls should be considered as an additional risk factor in future iterations of FRAX to improve fracture risk prediction.
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| 4. |
- Dreijer, J., et al.
(författare)
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Telefonica - Potential victim of american espionage
- 2012
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Ingår i: 11th European Conference on Information Warfare and Security 2012, ECIW 2012. - 9781622765379 ; , s. 104-112
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the year of 2010, a set of reports were released that contained important information regarding European multinationals and local governments. These reports were published by Wikileaks and were described as 'cables'. These cables were sent from American embassies to the United States' government. Suspicions were raised that the United States might have been spying on European countries, companies and their respective partners. One of the companies being mentioned in the cable files is Telefonica. Telefonica is a major Spanish telecom, television and Internet service provider operating in Europe and Latin America. The United States could have political and/or economic reasons to spy the Southern American continent. The main question during our research is to find out what reasons the United States might have to spy on Latin American countries and if the rumors were true that they have indeed spied upon Telefonica. And if these rumors are true, what profits there to be found within the cables and other relevant sources? During our research, we found relevant data containing possible evidence related to American espionage. The data found within the cables contain information about America's interest in Telefonica and the pressure being put on their investments in Latin America. The cables contain quotes referring to America's interest in Venezuela and Cuba. The cables contain messages being sent to an American official, stating that the United States should be aware of Telefonicas vast growing market share and influences in Southern American countries. Other relevant cables contain quotes referring to 'informed sources'. Who are these sources and how did they obtain relevant information about Telefonicas expenses? Most of the other relevant cables refer to other investments being done in Latin America, especially in Brazil and Mexico. The United States have good knowledge about the investments being done in Latin America by Telefonica. Unfortunately, none of these cables contained actual proof that the US had directly spied on Telefonica. The cables only contain relevant information regarding America's interest in Telefonica. Even though these cables contain shady and maybe suspicious quotes; this cannot be identified as evidence regarding possible espionage.
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| 8. |
- Karlsson, S., et al.
(författare)
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Phase behavior and characterization of the system acetic acid-dodecylamine-water
- 2001
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 17:12, s. 3573-3578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phase behavior of carboxylic acid/alkylamine mixtures in water is largely dictated by a proton transfer from the acid to the amine, which will lead to charged species. If the distribution of carbon atoms is unequal between the acid and the amine, the result will be an ionic surfactant with an organic counterion. In this work the phase diagram for the ternary system acetic acid-dodecylamine-water at 298.2 K has been determined. Dodecylamine forms a lamellar phase with water, but when,acetic acid is added up to an equimolecular ratio between acid and amine, three new phases appear. These phases are an isotropic solution phase, a hexagonal liquid crystalline phase, and a cubic liquid crystalline phase. These three phases are not able to incorporate any excess amine. The solution phase shows the existence of micelles, which are spherical at high dilution, but show an elongation close to the phase border to the hexagonal phase.
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| 9. |
- Karlsson, S., et al.
(författare)
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Self-assembly in the system decanoic acid-butylamine-water
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9797 .- 1095-7103. ; 243:1, s. 241-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phase behavior of alkanoic acid-alkylamine mixtures in water is mainly dictated by a proton transfer from the acid to the amine. For an asymmetric distribution of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains, the result will be an ionic surfactant with an organic counter-ion. In this study the phase diagram at 298.2 K for the ternary system decanoic acid-butylamine-water has been determined. The phase diagram is dominated by a large isotropic solution region. The selfdiffusion, viscosity, and conductivity measurements in the solution phase for an equimolecular ratio between the acid and the amine indicate a continuous transition from aqueous spherical mixed micelles to highly interacting hydrated acid-amine complexes passing through a bicontinuous region. One liquid crystalline lamellar phase, existing at excess acid, has been found. The small angle Xray scattering results indicate that the amine, due to its slightly amphiphilic character, is distributed between water and the bilayer.
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| 10. |
- Karmouch, Ahmed, et al.
(författare)
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Contextware Research Challenges in Ambient Networks
- 2004
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Ingår i: IEEE MATA 2004 1st International Workshop on Mobility Aware Technologies and Applications 20-22 October 2004, Florianopolis, Brazil - www.ic.unicamp.br/mata04. - : Springer. - 3540234233
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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