| 1. |
- Angelin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Have Nordic welfare regimes adapted to changes in transitions to adulthood? Unemployment insurance and social assistance among young people in the Nordic welfare states
- 2014
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Ingår i: Young people and social policy in Europe. - Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137370525 - 9781137370518 ; , s. 169-188
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entering adult life consists of several transitions that are related to finding a source of income, establishing an independent household and creating new family formations. This stage of ‘becoming’ entails a move from needing others to living as an autonomous and economically independent citizen (France, 2008; Smeeding and Philips, 2002). This key life stage, where several major transitions and life-course events take place concurrently (Anxo et al., 2010; Müller and Gangl, 2003), results in increasing vulnerability to poverty (Moore, 2005). In the Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden and Norway), economic autonomy has become quite difficult to obtain for many young people; continued financial support from either parents or social assistance is a reality for many. Poverty is central in understanding if and how young people can transition effectively into adulthood. Within the populations of the Nordic countries today, young people are among those most likely to be economically vulnerable.1 Despite being relatively affluent compared with young people in many eastern and southern European countries, it is evident that this life phase is associated with increasing vulnerability in the Nordic countries.
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| 2. |
- Kauppinen, Timo, et al.
(författare)
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Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of European Social Policy. - : Sage Publications. - 0958-9287 .- 1461-7269. ; 24:3, s. 273-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling to longitudinal register-based data. Both social-background and life-course factors were found to be important, but our results did not confirm the hypothesis of social background predicting mostly long-term receipt and life-course factors predicting mostly short-term receipt. Leaving the parental home early and parental social assistance receipt were important determinants of social assistance receipt, and both factors predicted longer duration of receipt as well. We found some differences between the countries, which may be related to differences in youth unemployment and social welfare systems.
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| 3. |
- Lorentzen, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways to Adulthood : Sequences in the School-to-Work Transition in Finland, Norway and Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Indicators Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0303-8300 .- 1573-0921. ; 141:3, s. 1285-1305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on youth transitions often follows the lines of classic welfare state typologies. Thus, given the institutional similarities, the transition from youth to adulthood in the Nordic countries has often been considered a specific type of trajectory. However, little research exists on how country differences within the Nordic cluster shape young people’s pathways from education to work. Thus, little is known about intra-Nordic variations caused by national labour market regulations and social safety nets (e.g. parental insurance, public day care and unemployment security). In this article, we use sequence analysis to examine the transition process from school to work in Finland, Norway and Sweden and to find how these processes are linked to family formation patterns. The results indicate that Finland, Norway and Sweden to a great extent share the same general types of school-to-work trajectories. The role of family establishment in workforce entry trajectories, on the other hand, differs in some respects. There is a very strong link between early parenthood among Finnish women and trajectories leading to labour market exclusion. This is interpreted in light of the Finnish labour market and family policy.
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| 4. |
- Minas, Renate, et al.
(författare)
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Rescaling inequality? Welfare reform and local variation in social assistance payments
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social policy review 26. - Bristol : Policy Press. - 9781447315568 ; , s. 239-258
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social assistance and other means tested benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems and variation in benefit receipt are in part a direct consequence of differences in means and needs. Variation may however also be related to local discretion over implementation of national legislation, implying inequality unintended by legislators. Such discretion is generally believed to have increased following decentralizing reforms in the 1990s, an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved institutional cooperation of welfare agencies located at different vertical levels. Little is however known regarding the extent to which shifting divisions of power influences benefit receipt. Using individual level register data, multi-level modelling and a difference-in-difference approach we attempt to link changes in legislation to changes in inter-municipal differences in social assistance payments in the Nordic countries during the period 1990 to 2010. Somewhat simplified, the assumption is that the more detailed the regulation the less variation is possible and vice versa. The results show the changes in inequality in the wake of the reforms to be heterogeneous, both in accordance with and contradictory to the starting hypothesis. Although some of the unexpected results are difficult to account for, others may be explained by the character or implementation of the reforms.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Minas, Renate, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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The governance of poverty : Welfare reform, activation policies, and social assistance benefits and caseloads in Nordic countries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of European Social Policy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0958-9287 .- 1461-7269. ; 28:5, s. 487-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social assistance benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems, and decentralizing reforms leading to increasing local discretion over implementation of national legislation was an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved mandatory institutional cooperation between welfare agencies located at different hierarchical levels. In contrast to North America, there is little European evidence on the extent to which shifting responsibilities influence benefit levels and benefit receipt. Using individual level register data from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and applying a difference-in-difference approach, we link changes in legislation to changes in municipal benefits as well as caseloads during the period 1990–2010. We only find indications of reform effects linked to distinct benefit centralization, concluding that other reforms were too insubstantial to have an impact. Combined with earlier evidence, this suggests that in order to have an impact, welfare reform requires marked changes in authority.
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| 7. |
- Moisio, Pasi, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Assistance in the Nordic Countries in the 2000s
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 17:1, s. 73-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study considered trends in the intergenerational transmission of social assistance (SA) among young adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden during the 2000s. Comparable administrative register data-sets enabled us to compare year by year the social assistance recipiency of 20-year-old adults in the period 1999-2008, together with information on their parents' social assistance recipiency at the time when those young adults were aged 16 years. The intergenerational odds-ratio for SA was stronger in Sweden than in Finland or Norway. The probabilities of transitioning into SA when having an SA family background have declined in all three countries, but less than the transition probabilities into SA when from a non-SA family. This has strengthened the intergenerational odds-ratio in all three countries, though only slightly in Norway. The upwards trend in intergenerational odds-ratios for SA follows almost perfectly the declining trend in the number of 20-year-old recipients in these three countries. When the number of SA recipients decrease, it decreases the transition probabilities into SA more among those with a non-SA family background compared to the those with an SA family background. This difference in the decrease of transition probabilities turns into an increase in the intergenerational odds-ratio.
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| 8. |
- Sirnio, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Cohort differences in intergenerational income transmission in Finland
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 60:1, s. 21-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major social changes such as occupational restructuring, educational expansion and increasing income inequality are likely to significantly influence the intergenerational transmission of income. The aim in this article is to investigate this question in an analysis of the transmission of low and high income in Finland in five birth cohorts born between 1956 and 1978. The focus is on the contribution of parental social class and personal educational level to this association. The analyses are based on a longitudinal register-based data set that is a representative 11-per-cent sample of the Finnish population. The level of intergenerational income transmission among those with a low- and a high-income parental background is stable among men, and is increasing slightly among women. Simultaneously, the role of achieved education as a mechanism strengthens slightly upon entry to the lowest income level, and declines upon entry to the highest level. These results indicate that despite the increasing income inequality, intergenerational transmission remains rather stable, but the mediating role of educational qualifications may have changed. Occupational restructuring seems to have no clear influence on the process.
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| 9. |
- Sirnio, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Income trajectories after graduation : An intergenerational approach
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 30, s. 72-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Labor-market outcomes depend on educational attainment, but parental background also plays a role. By applying sociological perspective to income and combining the classical intergenerational approach with a study of intragenerational mobility, we analyze the direct association between parental background and achieved labor-market outcomes. We focus on income trajectories within the same level of achieved education by parental income. Using register-based data covering the whole Finnish population, we analyze those who graduated in 1995-2000 for eight years after graduation by means of repeated measures linear regression. The results show that following entry into the labor market higher parental income is associated with higher incomes even after adjustment for education, labor market status, and childbearing. The effects of parental income are observed within all education groups except for those with highest education, and for men and women. We further demonstrate that parental income is associated with either higher starting level or faster growth of incomes within most education groups. The implication is that intergenerational associations are complex processes that are shaped across the whole life course.
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| 10. |
- Sirniö, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Entering the highest and the lowest incomes : Intergenerational determinants and early-adulthood transitions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 0276-5624 .- 1878-5654. ; 44, s. 77-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early-adulthood transitions contribute to socioeconomic attainment, and these early-adulthood life courses are partly influenced by family background. Less is known about how parental background and early-adulthood transitions jointly determine chances of entering the most and the least affluent positions in society. Using a longitudinal, register-based data set, this study examines the intergenerational and life-course mechanisms related to entry into income quintiles in Finland among those born between 1972 and 1975, with follow-up until their mid-30s. The specific focus is to test whether a more affluent origin compensates for less favorable transitions in early adulthood. Parental income predicts entry to the lowest and the highest incomes in adulthood. Those with high income parents are less likely to enter the middle income than those with low parental income, especially among men. The effects of lower educational achievement are compensated for by higher parental income among men, whereas women with higher education are more likely to benefit from their higher origin. High-income parents also protect from the harmful effects of long-term unemployment on adult income, although this compensatory effect disappears when long-term unemployment spells are very frequent. The positive parental income effect does not vary according to the age of having the first child, however, and does not apply to women with a more highly educated partner. These results indicate that the effects of early-adulthood transitions on income attainment differ across parental background groups, implying that those with higher origin have more beneficial resources. The mechanisms also vary by gender, possibly reflecting the strongly segregated labor markets in Finland.
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