| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
-
What mix matters? : Exploring the relationships between individuals' incomes and different measures of their neighbourhood context
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Housing Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-3037 .- 1466-1810. ; 22:5, s. 637-660
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is substantial interest among policy makers in both Western Europe and North America in reducing concentrations of disadvantaged households through initiatives to enhance the `social mix' of neighbourhoods. However, there is little consideration or understanding with regard to which mix of household characteristics matters most in influencing the socio-economic outcomes for individual residents. This paper explores the degree to which a wide variety of 1995 neighbourhood conditions in Sweden are statistically related to earnings for all adult metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women during the 1996-99 period, controlling for a wide variety of personal characteristics. The paper finds that the extremes of the neighbourhood income distribution, operationalized by the percentages of adult males with earnings in the lowest 30th and the highest 30th percentiles, hold greater explanatory power than domains of household mix related to education, ethnicity or housing tenure. Separating the effects of having substantial shares of low and high income neighbours, it is found that it is the presence of the former that means most for the incomes of metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women, with the largest effects for metropolitan men.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
-
Does Neighborhood Income Mix Affect Earnings of Adults? : New Evidence from Sweden
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:3, s. 858-870
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contributes to the literature on obtaining unbiased estimates of neighborhood effects, explored in the context of a centralized social welfare state. We employ a longitudinal database comprised of all working age adults in metropolitan Sweden 1991-1999 to investigate the degree to which neighborhood income mix relates to subsequent labor incomes of adults and how this relationship varies by gender and employment status. We control for unobserved, time-invariant individual characteristics by estimating a first-difference equation of changes in average incomes between the 1991-1995 and 1996-1999 periods. We further control for unobserved time varying characteristics through an analysis of non-movers. These methods substantially reduce the magnitude of the apparent effect of neighborhood shares of low-, middle- and high-income males. Nevertheless, statistically and substantively significant neighborhood effects persist, though relationships are nonlinear and vary by gender and employment status. Males who are not fully employed appear most sensitive to neighborhood economic mix in all contexts.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kauppinen, Timo, et al.
(författare)
-
DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRANTS’ ENTRY TO HOMEOWNERSHIP IN THREE NORDIC CAPITAL CITY REGIONS
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3684 .- 1468-0467. ; 97:4, s. 343-362
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extent of homeownership among immigrants may be seen as an indicator of integration and as a determinant of ethnic residential segregation. Studies have shown differences in the determinants of homeownership between immigrants and natives, indicating that variation in homeownership is not only a function of differences in economic resources. These studies have largely focused on Anglo-American contexts, using mostly cross-sectional data. We apply survival analysis methods to analyse the determinants of entry to homeownership in the capital regions of three Nordic countries - Denmark, Finland and Sweden - utilizing longitudinal individual-level register-based datasets. We find that differences in entry to homeownership between natives and different immigrant groups cannot be explained by differences in socio-economic background factors. We also find differences in the effects of these factors. Effects of income are generally weaker among non-Western immigrants and immigrants are less responsive to changes in household composition. The share of non-Western immigrants in the neighbourhood is only weakly related to entry to homeownership, while immigrants and natives living in public rental housing tend to be slightly less inclined to move to homeownership. Weaker income effects among immigrants, weak effects of ethnic segregation and the importance of the public rental sector differentiate our results from earlier findings. Weaker income effects may indicate that uncertainty about the future also affects middle-income immigrants. Differences between the three contexts in housing markets and policies do not seem to matter much, although the results indicate that difficult access to the private rental sector may push immigrants to homeownership.
|
|
| 6. |
- Kauppinen, Timo, et al.
(författare)
-
Social background and life-course risks as determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in Sweden, Norway and Finland
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of European Social Policy. - : Sage Publications. - 0958-9287 .- 1461-7269. ; 24:3, s. 273-288
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse the determinants of social assistance receipt among young adults in three Nordic countries, focusing on social-background and life-course events during early adulthood. We ask whether they are related differently to short-term and long-term receipt. Short-term poverty could be more individualized than long-term poverty which can be expected to be more strongly related to social background. We applied generalized ordinal logit modelling to longitudinal register-based data. Both social-background and life-course factors were found to be important, but our results did not confirm the hypothesis of social background predicting mostly long-term receipt and life-course factors predicting mostly short-term receipt. Leaving the parental home early and parental social assistance receipt were important determinants of social assistance receipt, and both factors predicted longer duration of receipt as well. We found some differences between the countries, which may be related to differences in youth unemployment and social welfare systems.
|
|
| 7. |
- Laitera, Tiina, et al.
(författare)
-
Increased gamma-Secretase Activity in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Patients with beta-Amyloid Pathology
- 2014
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4, s. e93717-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential similarity between the brain pathology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and Alzheimer disease (AD) is intriguing and thus further studies focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms may offer valuable information for differential diagnostics and the development of treatments for iNPH. Here, we investigated beta- and gamma-secretase activities in relation to amyloid-beta (A beta) pathology in the brain tissue samples collected from iNPH and AD patients. beta- and gamma-secretase activities were measured from the frontal cortical biopsies of 26 patients with suspected iNPH as well as post-mortem tissue samples from the inferior temporal cortex of 74 AD patients and eight subjects without neurofibrillary pathology. In iNPH samples with detectable A beta plaques, gamma-secretase activity was significantly increased (similar to 1.6-fold) when compared to iNPH samples without A beta plaques (p=0.009). In the AD samples, statistically significant differences in the gamma-secretase activity were not observed with respect to disease severity (mild, moderate and severe AD according to neurofibrillary pathology). Conversely, beta-secretase activity was unaltered in iNPH samples with or without A beta plaques, while it was significantly increased in relation to disease severity in the AD patients. These results show for the first time increased gamma-secretase but not b-secretase activity in the biopsy samples from the frontal cortex of iNPH patients with AD-like A beta pathology. Conversely, the opposite was observed in these secretase activities in AD patients with respect to neurofibrillary pathology. Despite the resemblances in the A beta pathology, iNPH and AD patients appear to have marked differences in the cellular mechanisms responsible for the production of A beta.
|
|
| 8. |
- Lorentzen, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Pathways to Adulthood : Sequences in the School-to-Work Transition in Finland, Norway and Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Social Indicators Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0303-8300 .- 1573-0921. ; 141:3, s. 1285-1305
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on youth transitions often follows the lines of classic welfare state typologies. Thus, given the institutional similarities, the transition from youth to adulthood in the Nordic countries has often been considered a specific type of trajectory. However, little research exists on how country differences within the Nordic cluster shape young people’s pathways from education to work. Thus, little is known about intra-Nordic variations caused by national labour market regulations and social safety nets (e.g. parental insurance, public day care and unemployment security). In this article, we use sequence analysis to examine the transition process from school to work in Finland, Norway and Sweden and to find how these processes are linked to family formation patterns. The results indicate that Finland, Norway and Sweden to a great extent share the same general types of school-to-work trajectories. The role of family establishment in workforce entry trajectories, on the other hand, differs in some respects. There is a very strong link between early parenthood among Finnish women and trajectories leading to labour market exclusion. This is interpreted in light of the Finnish labour market and family policy.
|
|
| 9. |
- Lorentzen, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Unemployment and economic security for young adults in Finland Norway and Sweden : from unemployment protection to poverty relief
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Blackwell Munksgaard. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 23:1, s. 41-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we investigated if there has been a displacement in the type and coverage of welfare services available for young unemployed adults in Finland, Norway and Sweden over the last two decades. This question is important because a number of studies have argued that the generous unemployment benefits and extensive labour market intervention found in the Nordic welfare states shield young people from the most severe consequences of economic inactivity. In this article, we instead show that during this period, less generous means-tested unemployment and social assistance benefits have become the most important form of income protection for young people. In evidence, earnings-related unemployment benefits now cover only 10 per cent of unemployed Swedes and Finns and 45 per cent of unemployed Norwegians aged 24 years or younger. This development marks a significant change in our understanding of unemployment protection for young people in Nordic countries.
|
|
| 10. |
- Minas, Renate, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
-
The governance of poverty : Welfare reform, activation policies, and social assistance benefits and caseloads in Nordic countries
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of European Social Policy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0958-9287 .- 1461-7269. ; 28:5, s. 487-500
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social assistance benefits are the last resort in national social protection systems, and decentralizing reforms leading to increasing local discretion over implementation of national legislation was an international trend frequently referred to as devolution. More recent reforms have instead often implied recentralization and/or involved mandatory institutional cooperation between welfare agencies located at different hierarchical levels. In contrast to North America, there is little European evidence on the extent to which shifting responsibilities influence benefit levels and benefit receipt. Using individual level register data from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and applying a difference-in-difference approach, we link changes in legislation to changes in municipal benefits as well as caseloads during the period 1990–2010. We only find indications of reform effects linked to distinct benefit centralization, concluding that other reforms were too insubstantial to have an impact. Combined with earlier evidence, this suggests that in order to have an impact, welfare reform requires marked changes in authority.
|
|
