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| 2. |
- Andersson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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What mix matters? : Exploring the relationships between individuals' incomes and different measures of their neighbourhood context
- 2007
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Ingår i: Housing Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-3037 .- 1466-1810. ; 22:5, s. 637-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is substantial interest among policy makers in both Western Europe and North America in reducing concentrations of disadvantaged households through initiatives to enhance the `social mix' of neighbourhoods. However, there is little consideration or understanding with regard to which mix of household characteristics matters most in influencing the socio-economic outcomes for individual residents. This paper explores the degree to which a wide variety of 1995 neighbourhood conditions in Sweden are statistically related to earnings for all adult metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women during the 1996-99 period, controlling for a wide variety of personal characteristics. The paper finds that the extremes of the neighbourhood income distribution, operationalized by the percentages of adult males with earnings in the lowest 30th and the highest 30th percentiles, hold greater explanatory power than domains of household mix related to education, ethnicity or housing tenure. Separating the effects of having substantial shares of low and high income neighbours, it is found that it is the presence of the former that means most for the incomes of metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women, with the largest effects for metropolitan men.
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| 3. |
- Galster, George, et al.
(författare)
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Does Neighborhood Income Mix Affect Earnings of Adults? : New Evidence from Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 63:3, s. 858-870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contributes to the literature on obtaining unbiased estimates of neighborhood effects, explored in the context of a centralized social welfare state. We employ a longitudinal database comprised of all working age adults in metropolitan Sweden 1991-1999 to investigate the degree to which neighborhood income mix relates to subsequent labor incomes of adults and how this relationship varies by gender and employment status. We control for unobserved, time-invariant individual characteristics by estimating a first-difference equation of changes in average incomes between the 1991-1995 and 1996-1999 periods. We further control for unobserved time varying characteristics through an analysis of non-movers. These methods substantially reduce the magnitude of the apparent effect of neighborhood shares of low-, middle- and high-income males. Nevertheless, statistically and substantively significant neighborhood effects persist, though relationships are nonlinear and vary by gender and employment status. Males who are not fully employed appear most sensitive to neighborhood economic mix in all contexts.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Musterd, Sako, et al.
(författare)
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Are immigrants' earnings influenced by the characteristics of their neighbours?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environment and planning A. - : SAGE Publications. - 0308-518X .- 1472-3409. ; 40:4, s. 785-805
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in immigrant economic trajectories have been attributed to a wide variety of factors. One of these is the local spatial context where immigrants reside. This spatial context assumes special salience in light of expanding public exposure to and scholarly interest in the potential impacts of spatial concentrations of immigrants. A crucial question is whether immigrants' opportunities are influenced by their neighbours. In this paper we contribute statistical evidence relevant to answering this vital question. We develop multiple measures of the spatial context in which immigrants reside and assess their contribution to the average earnings of immigrant individuals in the three large Swedish metropolitan areas, controlling for individual and regional labour-market characteristics. We use unusually rich longitudinal information about Swedish immigrants during the 1995-2002 period. We find evidence that immigrant men and women paid a substantial penalty during 1999-2002 if in 1999 they resided in areas where a substantial number of their neighbours were members of the same ethnic group. The evidence suggests that own-group concentrations can initially pay dividends for immigrants, but these benefits quickly turn into net disadvantages over time.
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| 6. |
- Sirnio, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Cohort differences in intergenerational income transmission in Finland
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : SAGE Publications. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 60:1, s. 21-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major social changes such as occupational restructuring, educational expansion and increasing income inequality are likely to significantly influence the intergenerational transmission of income. The aim in this article is to investigate this question in an analysis of the transmission of low and high income in Finland in five birth cohorts born between 1956 and 1978. The focus is on the contribution of parental social class and personal educational level to this association. The analyses are based on a longitudinal register-based data set that is a representative 11-per-cent sample of the Finnish population. The level of intergenerational income transmission among those with a low- and a high-income parental background is stable among men, and is increasing slightly among women. Simultaneously, the role of achieved education as a mechanism strengthens slightly upon entry to the lowest income level, and declines upon entry to the highest level. These results indicate that despite the increasing income inequality, intergenerational transmission remains rather stable, but the mediating role of educational qualifications may have changed. Occupational restructuring seems to have no clear influence on the process.
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| 7. |
- Sirnio, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Income trajectories after graduation : An intergenerational approach
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 30, s. 72-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Labor-market outcomes depend on educational attainment, but parental background also plays a role. By applying sociological perspective to income and combining the classical intergenerational approach with a study of intragenerational mobility, we analyze the direct association between parental background and achieved labor-market outcomes. We focus on income trajectories within the same level of achieved education by parental income. Using register-based data covering the whole Finnish population, we analyze those who graduated in 1995-2000 for eight years after graduation by means of repeated measures linear regression. The results show that following entry into the labor market higher parental income is associated with higher incomes even after adjustment for education, labor market status, and childbearing. The effects of parental income are observed within all education groups except for those with highest education, and for men and women. We further demonstrate that parental income is associated with either higher starting level or faster growth of incomes within most education groups. The implication is that intergenerational associations are complex processes that are shaped across the whole life course.
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| 8. |
- Sirniö, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Entering the highest and the lowest incomes : Intergenerational determinants and early-adulthood transitions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 0276-5624 .- 1878-5654. ; 44, s. 77-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early-adulthood transitions contribute to socioeconomic attainment, and these early-adulthood life courses are partly influenced by family background. Less is known about how parental background and early-adulthood transitions jointly determine chances of entering the most and the least affluent positions in society. Using a longitudinal, register-based data set, this study examines the intergenerational and life-course mechanisms related to entry into income quintiles in Finland among those born between 1972 and 1975, with follow-up until their mid-30s. The specific focus is to test whether a more affluent origin compensates for less favorable transitions in early adulthood. Parental income predicts entry to the lowest and the highest incomes in adulthood. Those with high income parents are less likely to enter the middle income than those with low parental income, especially among men. The effects of lower educational achievement are compensated for by higher parental income among men, whereas women with higher education are more likely to benefit from their higher origin. High-income parents also protect from the harmful effects of long-term unemployment on adult income, although this compensatory effect disappears when long-term unemployment spells are very frequent. The positive parental income effect does not vary according to the age of having the first child, however, and does not apply to women with a more highly educated partner. These results indicate that the effects of early-adulthood transitions on income attainment differ across parental background groups, implying that those with higher origin have more beneficial resources. The mechanisms also vary by gender, possibly reflecting the strongly segregated labor markets in Finland.
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| 9. |
- Sirniö, Outi, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational determinants of joint labor market and family formation pathways in early adulthood
- 2017
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Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 34, s. 10-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early adulthood life courses have become diversified in recent decades, but little is known about how different dimensions of early life courses (i.e., education, labor market participation and family formation) co-evolve and are associated with parental background. This study describes the most typical joint labor market and family formation pathways of young adults and assesses whether belonging to these pathway groups is associated with parental origin. We use annually updated register-based data and analyze Finnish men and women born between 1972 and 1975 with follow-up until their mid-30s. By using multichannel sequence analyses, we identified six distinct pathway types to adulthood that are defined by educational attainment, labor market participation, and family formation, and demonstrate that these pathways are primarily dominated by the educational achievements of young adults. Educational choices and trajectories, thus, also strongly shape the patterns of other life paths and events in early adulthood. Gender differences were particularly evident for pathways characterized by low education, women entering pathways dominated by early partnership and motherhood, and men remaining without a partner or any children. We further show that parental resources particularly parental income predict the paths upon which the young adults embark. Parental resources in particular are most strongly linked with the educational differentiation between the paths.
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