| 1. |
- Arribas-Bel, D., et al.
(författare)
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Cyber Cities : Social Media as a Tool for Understanding Cities
- 2015
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Ingår i: Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1874-463X .- 1874-4621. ; 8:1, s. 231-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ‘Big’ urban data are increasingly becoming accessible for scientific research and policy use. They may enhance the intelligence that is needed for understanding and mapping out social connectivity phenomena (in the sense of Jane Jacobs) in modern smart cities. The present paper aims to highlight and demonstrate the rich potential of information based on digital technology in modern cities. As a case study example of the power of social media data as a support tool in smart cities, we consider Twitter data in the municipality of Amsterdam. We use machine learning techniques to identify temporal patterns that we then relate back to their spatial dimension, effectively connecting the digital with physical aspect of cities. We also show that analysis of geo-referenced tweets can shed significant light on physical aspects of the city and on the spatial distribution of urban functions.
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| 2. |
- Banica, A, et al.
(författare)
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Natural disasters as a development opportunity : a spatial economic resilience interpretation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Jahrbuch für Regional Wissenschaft. - : Springer. - 0173-7600 .- 1613-9836.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural disasters are usually regarded as damage factors causing high private and social costs. Notwithstanding the incontestable validity of this premise, natural disasters do not necessarily lead to a structural deprivation of the area affected. Recent studies have clearly shown that in the long run one may even observe positive socio-economic effects (‘blessings in disguise’). This paper investigates this challenging proposition by developing a risk-disaster-opportunity framework for a territorial system, and by analysing the socio-economic impacts of natural shocks from a resilience perspective. This is inter alia done by designing a typology of natural disasters, and by presenting a systematic classification of long-range impacts. An empirical test of the above proposition of positive recovery effects of natural disasters is carried out by using, in particular, long-term data from the worldwide EM-DAT database. The attention is then focussed on positive feedback loops in spatial systems that are affected by a natural perturbation. Various case studies (USA, China, Haiti, Chile, Japan) are undertaken in order to test the existence of long-term ‘blessings in disguise’ effects, using in particular the HDI-index. In various cases, such positive effects appear to exist, depending on the effectiveness of public management of natural disaster phenomena.
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| 3. |
- Barufi, A. M. B., et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration economies and smart cities
- 2015
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Ingår i: The Rise of the City. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. ; , s. 33-54
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., et al.
(författare)
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A political-economy analysis of the provision of urban anti-crime technologies in a model with three cities
- 2020
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Ingår i: Technological forecasting & social change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-1625 .- 1873-5509. ; 160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use a theoretical political-economy model with three cities and analyze three questions. First, should police in these cities have access to contentious crime fighting technologies such as facial recognition software? We describe a condition involving benefit, cost, and spatial spillover terms which tells us when the police ought to be provided with this technology. Second, if police are to be offered this technology then what are the properties of a policy regime that provides this technology in a decentralized way? We identify a condition that depends only on benefit and cost terms which tells us when this technology is to be made available in the cities in a decentralized way. Finally, what are the properties of a policy regime that provides the technology in a centralized way with equal cost sharing by the cities? We obtain two conditions involving benefit and spatial spillover terms that describe scenarios in which (i) the technology is provided with majority voting in a city even though it is inefficient to do so and (ii) it is efficient to provide the technology in a city but majority voting will lead to this technology not being provided.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Caragliu, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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The winner takes it all : forward-looking cities and urban innovation
- 2016
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 56:3, s. 617-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers a new perspective on urban innovation and enters the debate on the contribution of non-material growth-enhancing factors to the socio-economic performance of cities. Because of the often widespread availability of "hard" production factors, most cities increasingly compete for attracting non-material production factors whose role, in light of the more widespread diffusion of physical production factors, may ultimately determine their long-run economic success. Against this background, our paper focuses on a relatively neglected non-material factor, viz. urban risk attitude. In fact, cities offer the competitive and challenging environment where individual characteristics of actors may enjoy their highest returns; risk-loving and innovative individuals may sort in large urban agglomerations. The paper tests whether cities attracting such individuals and, thus, enjoying a more positive and open attitude towards risk, tend to innovate more. The empirical analysis of the paper is based on the most recent (2008/2009) wave of the European Values Study. Micro- data on about 80,000 individuals located in different EU urban areas are used to calculate city-specific attitudes towards risk that go beyond individual characteristics. This city-level risk attitude variable is then used within a knowledge production function approach, as an explanatory variable for urban innovation (patent applications to the European Patent Office) along with more traditional knowledge determinants (human capital and R&D expenditures). Our empirical results show that cities with a more open and positive attitude towards risk ceteris paribus also tend to be more innovative. In addition, we find that, unlike traditional knowledge production factors, this factor faces no decreasing returns. While further research might be beneficial in order to more precisely pinpoint the extent of such effects, our findings appear to be robust and suggest a positive role for the urban attitude towards risky endeavours in explaining urban innovation.
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| 8. |
- Dziecielski, Michal, et al.
(författare)
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Basins of attraction around large cities : A study of urban interaction spaces in Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cities. - : Elsevier. - 0264-2751 .- 1873-6084. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The geographic dispersion and size distribution of cities seem, at first glance, to exhibit a random pattern. Clearly, physical geography, geo-political history and climatology shape irregular constraints and forms in the global pattern of urban evolution, so that an entirely regular spatial picture of cities and their interactions in space is not plausible. In the history of urban geography, regional science and spatial planning, several attempts have been undertaken to identify or derive organised or stylised structures in the seemingly chaotic system of real-world settlements. Examples are Central Place Theory, the Tinbergen-Bos models of hierarchical spatial systems, or Tellier's topo-dynamic corridors. The present paper seeks to offer a stylised and quantitative depiction of the relative spatial positions and spheres of influence of 14 large European cities in a geo-gravitational force field, based on detailed data on an extensive set of multidimensional indicators from the multi-annual GPCI (Global Power City Index) data set. Assuming an interconnected urban network, the paper tests and maps out the existence of gravitational interactions between urban agglomerations by producing impact fields of spatial attractors (basins of attraction) in the European urban system. This approach forms an illustration of the emerging Systemic Economic Geography (SEG). Given the multi-annual nature of our data, we address particularly the complex urban field dynamics using the principle of gravitational interactions. The dynamics of individual urban agglomerations is calculated and mapped out using Newton's second law of motion for a study on fractal geometry. This 'neo-Newtonian' approach is able to trace spatial spheres of influence of urban agglomerations, while the underlying algorithm allows to test the factors responsible for spatial resistance or geographic frictions. In this way, we can delineate the contours of a stylised map for the gravitational fields of cities with different size, distance frictions and geographical locations. The paper addresses in particular the effect of generalized friction parameters for a set of pluriform urban key characteristics on the gravitational urban arena in Europe. It turns out that size, relative spatial position, spatial friction and multidimensional urban moderator variables are responsible for the emergence of a complex and often disorganised urban spatial interaction field. Our analysis frames in a nutshell the principles of spatial attractors in the urban geography of our world, and of Europe in particular. Such 'virtual reality' experiments shed light on the dynamic complexity of urban systems.
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| 9. |
- Gheasi, M., et al.
(författare)
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A meta-analysis of human health differences in urban and rural environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Letters in spatial and resource sciences. - : Springer Verlag. - 1864-4031 .- 1864-404X. ; 12:3, s. 167-186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human health outcomes are known to be affected not only by individual physical and socio-economic status, but also by external environmental conditions, as well as by place-based economic and geographical circumstances. In recent decades, a large number of studies have addressed the background of differences in health outcomes between rural and urban areas. Are rural ways of living healthier than urban ways of living? This has led to a wealth of studies on human health and the geographical differences of living and working. The effects of regional or urban characteristics on health outcomes are often inconsistent among different studies/countries. An important factor that seems to be important is the ambiguous definition of both health and urbanism, as well as the presence of intra-regional heterogeneity (e.g. inner-city areas). In the present study, we conduct a systematic review of the existing literature on space and health indicators, based on a broad, but concise overview of the underlying mechanisms involved. Next, we provide a quantitative research synthesis with the help of a meta-analysis of published studies on self-rated/self-reported physical health conditions in rural and urban areas. The results from our meta-analytical regression analysis indicate that there is not a clearly convincing difference between rural and urban areas; however, people in rural areas appear to rate themselves slightly healthier than their urban counterparts. In addition, we observe that self-rated/reported fair/poor health is also highly dependent on a number of personal and socio-economic factors; from a personal perspective, education, addiction, physical activity, and duration of residence appear to play a significant role, while, from a socio-economic perspective, in particular, community predictor measures (e.g. gross domestic product, population, unemployment rate) appear to exert a substantial influence.
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| 10. |
- Girard, L. F., et al.
(författare)
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‘Science of the city’ : Towards a higher quality of urban life
- 2017
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Ingår i: Quality Innovation Prosperity. - : Technical University of Kosice. - 1335-1745 .- 1338-984X. ; 21:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities have in the course of history become the dominant geographic settlement pattern all over the world; we live in the ‘urban century’. Cities integrate all dimensions of modern life, ranging from socio-economic to technological aspects. The organisation of such complex entities calls for a more integrative an inclusive scientific analysis and understanding of urban systems. The aim of the Special Issue Science of the City: Towards a Higher Quality of Urban Life, is to offer a synthesis of the contributions from the Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC) meeting, held on March 22-23, 2016 in Naples, bringing together experts who have provided a significant contribution to a fundamental reflection on the roots and effects of the modern city.
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