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- Annaheim, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Final report of Working Group 4: Ergonomics of thermal effects. A COST Action TU1101 / HOPE collaboration
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thermal effects related to wearing a bicycle helmet are complex and different studies have investigated single parts of this topic. A literature review was produced and published (Bogerd et al., 2015) summarizing the different findings to give a complete overview on this topic as well as to suggest new perspectives. Headgear increases head insulation and therefore is mainly problematic under warm conditions, which is the focus of that review. Helmets do not affect physiological parameters other than the local skin temperature and sweat rate. However, the head is among the most sensitive body parts related to thermal comfort, thereby directly affecting the willingness to wear headgear. Several methods have been used to study thermal aspects of headgear, which could be categorized as (i) numerical, (ii) biophysical, (iii) combined numerical and biophysical, and (iv) user trials. The application of these methods established that heat transfer mainly takes place through radiation and convection. Headgear parameters relevant to these heat transfer pathways are reviewed and suggestions are provided for improving existing headgear concepts and developing new concepts, ultimately leading to more accepted headgear. The report of working group 4 (WG4) provides information about activities undertaken during the COST Action TU1101 “Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage” to better understand the ergonomics of thermal aspects and to work towards the tasks defined in the memorandum of understanding (COST Secretariat, 2011). Primary Task 5: Development of guidelines for thermally-optimized helmet designs Secondary Task 3: Inform impact studies on which kinds of ventilation structures are useful and which are unnecessary Secondary Task 7: Review of physiological and comfort effect of wearing bicycle helmets All the chapters listed below include important aspects contributing to the primary task 5. Modelling and simulation tools (Chapter II) are becoming more and more important in research and development of new bicycle helmets but also in the development of guidelines, directives and norms. An example for the industrial application of models is given in Chapter III. The investigation of different forms of helmet coverings provides important information about the future direction for the development of helmet designs. Completely new helmet designs and the respective thermal properties are presented in Chapter IV. This chapter shows a different approach for finding new concepts of helmet designs. In Chapter V, new project initiatives are introduced to improve thermal aspects of helmets but also to include information and communication techniques (ICT) into helmets. Finally, the tasks of WG4 are summarized in Chapter VI, conclusions are drawn and an outlook is provided regarding the future development of helmets to comply with the requests of two-wheel commuters (including e-bikes, segway and others).
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| 2. |
- Bogerd, Cornelis P., et al.
(författare)
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A review on ergonomics of headgear: Thermal effects
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8141. ; 45:February, s. 1-12
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal effects related to wearing headgear are complex and different studies have investigated single parts of this topic. This review aims at summarizing the different findings to give a complete overview on this topic as well as to suggest new perspectives. Headgear increases head insulation and therefore is mainly problematic under warm conditions, which is the focus of this review. Helmets do not affect physiological parameters other than the local skin temperature and sweat rate. However, the head is among the most sensitive body parts related to thermal comfort, thereby directly affecting the willingness to wear headgear. Several methods have been used to study thermal aspects of headgear, which could be categorized as (i) numerical, (ii) biophysical, (iii) combined numerical and biophysical, and (iv) user trials. The application of these methods established that heat transfer mainly takes place through radiation and convection. Headgear parameters relevant to these heat transfer pathways, are reviewed and suggestions are provided for improving existing headgear concepts and developing new concepts, ultimately leading to more accepted headgear. Relevance to industry: This review provides a sound basis for improving existing headgear concepts. Firstly, a concise overview of headgear research related to thermal effects is given, leading to empirically based improvement suggestions and identification of research fields with a high potential. Finally, relevant research methods are described facilitating evaluation in R&D processes.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Shinar, David, et al.
(författare)
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Final report of Working Group 2: Traffic psychology. A COST Action TU1101 / HOPE collaboration
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- 1. Background The workgroup of Traffic Psychology is concerned with the social, behavioral, and perceptual aspects that are associated with use and non-use of bicycle helmets, in their various forms and under various cycling conditions. 2. Objectives The objectives of WG2 are to (1) share current knowledge among the people already working in the field, (2) suggest new ideas for research on and evaluation of the design of bicycle helmets, and (3) discuss options for funding of such research within the individual frameworks of the participants. 3. Areas for research include: 3.1. The patterns of use of helmets among different users: children, adults, and sports enthusiasts. 3.2. The use of helmets in different environments: rural roads, urban streets, and bike trails. 3.3. Concerns bicyclists have relative to their safety and convenience and the perceived impact of using helmets on comfort and convenience. 3.4. The benefit of helmets for enhancing visibility, and how variations in helmet design and colors affect daytime, nighttime, and dusktime visibility. 3.5. The role of helmets in the acceptance of city-wide pickup-and-drop-off bicycles. 3.6. The impact of helmets on visual search behaviour of bicyclists. 4. Activities The main activities of the WG2 members consisted of: 4.1. Sharing ideas at periodic meetings and in short-term scientific meetings (STSM). 4.2. Formulating a major cooperative study to be jointly conducted in the different environments/cultures/countries. 4.3. Developing research proposals to be submitted to funding organizations – in government and industry. 4.4. Promoting research in this area among graduate students and young Ph.D.’s and cooperating with other researchers in other institutions. 5. Outputs and products: The bulk of this report will consist of short summaries of the outputs listed below of activities conducted and products generated by the WG2 members in the course of the four years of the COST Action TU1101. The outputs are divided into the three categories listed below. 5.1. Multi-country survey of bicycle use, and attitude, and crash experience by adult bicyclists in 17 countries. 5.2. Short-term scientific meetings (STSMs). 5.3. Presentations, technical reports and scientific papers published by the WG members on cycling with particular reference to cycling safety and bicycle helmets. 5.4. Potential applications and implementation of WG2 members’ research.
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