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- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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An integrated method for assessing climate-related risks and adaptation alternatives in urban areas
- 2015
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Ingår i: Climate Risk Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0963. ; 7, s. 31-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2015 The Authors. The urban environment is a complex structure with interlinked social, ecological and technical structures. Global warming is expected to have a broad variety of impacts, which will add to the complexity. Climate changes will force adaptation, to reduce climate-related risks. Adaptation measures can address one aspect at the time, or aim for a holistic approach to avoid maladaptation. This paper presents a systematic, integrated approach for assessing alternatives for reducing the risks of heat waves, flooding and air pollution in urban settings, with the aim of reducing the risk of maladaptation. The study includes strategies covering different spatial scales, and both the current climate situation and the climate predicted under climate change scenarios. The adaptation strategies investigated included increasing vegetation; selecting density, height and colour of buildings; and retreat or resist (defend) against sea-level rise. Their effectiveness was assessed with regard to not only flooding, heat stress and air quality but also with regard to resource use, emissions to air (incl. GHG), soil and water, and people's perceptions and vulnerability. The effectiveness of the strategies were ranked on a common scale (from -3 to 3) in an integrated assessment. Integrated assessments are recommended, as they help identify the most sustainable solutions, but to reduce the risk of maladaptation they require experts from a variety of disciplines. The most generally applicable recommendation, derived from the integrated assessment here, taking into account both expertise from different municipal departments, literature surveys, life cycle assessments and publics perceptions, is to increase the urban greenery, as it contributes to several positive aspects such as heat stress mitigation, air quality improvement, effective storm-water and flood-risk management, and it has several positive social impacts. The most favourable alternative was compact, mid-rise, light coloured building design with large parks/green areas and trees near buildings.
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- Pamuk, G.S., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of polymer coating on Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Seed science and technology. - 0251-0952 .- 1819-5717. ; 30:1, s. 167-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for evaluating the thickness and uniformity of polymer coating (Celpril polymer) on pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds was developed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The coating polymer was applied to the test seed lot until the highest subjective rating was reached by visual inspection using a seed coating quality scale. For the test seed lot, the mean coating thickness (9.5 ± s.d. 5.2 μm was calculated from 265 measurements on freeze fracture surfaces from 50 seeds. For a single seed the mean coating thickness, assessed from 180 profile plot measurements, was 9.9 ± 3.1 μm. Uniformity was determined by a systematically performed microscopy using a grid system to identify and locate parts lacking coating coverage. These coating damages showed a large variation in size. Larger damages (0.01-0.2 mm2) were examined in 10 randomly selected seeds and found to range between 3-8/seed. A more detailed analysis of the coated surface was conducted on a smaller surface area on a single seed. The numbers of pores (converted to pores/mm2) with a diameter of more than 1 μm ranged from 30-100 and the equivalent numbers for pores 0.3-1 μm in diameter were between 700-900. A similar analysis was used for cracks in the coated surface. The method that is established in this study should be especially useful for evaluating seed coating uniformity and thickness when the intention of the coating is to control seed hydration
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- Van Der Sluis, S., et al.
(författare)
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Performance indicators for energy efficient supermarket buildings
- 2015
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Ingår i: Refrigeration Science and Technology. - : International Institute of Refrigeration. - 9782362150128 ; , s. 2773-2780
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Performance indicators are needed to transform available measurement data into knowledge on the energy efficiency of a supermarket building. Such indicators are e.g. the supermarket size, the opening hours, the outdoor climate and applied energy saving options. When the energy use is related in to the supermarket size, opening hours, and other performance indicators, it should be possible to appreciate the energy use of the supermarket: is it relatively high, normal, or relatively efficient. IEA HPC Annex 44 "performance indicators for energy efficient supermarket buildings" searches for performance indicators that will allow to evaluate energy efficiency of existing single supermarkets, supermarkets within one chain, supermarkets across different chains and even supermarkets in different regions or countries. Based on new data from the Netherlands, this paper investigates the relation between sales area, opening hours and yearly energy consumption, and discusses other aspects that are needed to understand observed data.
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