| 2. |
- Hult, G. Tomas M., et al.
(författare)
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A Ten Country-Company Study of Sustainability and Product-Market Performance : Influences of Doing Good, Warm Glow, and Price Fairness
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Macromarketing. - : Sage Publications. - 0276-1467 .- 1552-6534. ; 38:3, s. 242-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Countries, companies, and customers are becoming increasingly concerned with sustainability. However, it is unclear how much increased cost, if any, companies are willing to tolerate for sustainability efforts at the rate of potentially lower profits. Plus, what are the customers' sensitivities to the prices of products/services that are developed within the realm of sustainability initiatives (e.g., how much more can the products/services cost and still be viable)? Additionally, with 193 countries of the United Nations ratifying the Sustainable Development Goals, we know that countries are focused on sustainability, but can companies achieve positive sustainability effects on performance above what countries are doing? Consequently, what are the macro-micro dynamics in play for sustainability efforts? In a 10-country study involving 4,051 companies, we examine these macro-micro (country-company) dynamics, company costs, customer costs, and price sensitivities on the effects of sustainability on companies' performance. The results indicate that positive effects on companies' performance can be achieved (1) from the companies' sustainability efforts in all 10 countries studied, (2) even if the costs and/or prices increased by 27 to 72 percent (depending on the dynamic and scenario), and (3) by companies implementing sustainability efforts that are 5 to 30 percent above the efforts of the country. Increased sustainability effects can also be gained from lowering customer and company costs, but no such effects were found when lowering product prices.
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| 3. |
- Hult, G. Tomas M., et al.
(författare)
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The theoretical evolution and use of the Uppsala Model of internationalization in the international business ecosystem
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of International Business Studies. - : PALGRAVE MACMILLAN LTD. - 0047-2506 .- 1478-6990. ; 51:1, s. 38-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Uppsala Model - typically viewed as an internationalization process model, an internationalization stages model, or a sequential internationalization model - has served as a theoretical underpinning in the international business literature since Johanson and Vahlne's (J Int Bus Stud 8(1):23-32, 1977) article incorporated thoughts by researchers at Uppsala University in one all-encompassing model. Major updates to the model were published in 2009 and 2017 by the original authors. Our work examines what has now become the time-tested and Decade Award-winning 2009 version of the Uppsala Model relative to the original model in 1977. We also provide an outlook for international business research within the scope of the 2017 version of the model. This evaluation and dive across times into the nuances of the Uppsala Model capture aspects of the model's theoretical and empirical power, as well as its limitations within today's international business ecosystem. (The international business ecosystem is defined as the organisms of the business world - including stakeholders, organizations, and countries - involved in exchanges, production, business functions, and cross-border trade through both marketplace competition and cooperation.) In the process, we push the theoretical boundaries of the model and provide a unique connection to marketing thought.
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