| 1. |
- Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fungal Diversity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1560-2745 .- 1878-9129. ; 67:1, s. 11-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours. These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles, lack observable, discriminatory morphological characters, and may not be amenable to in vitro culturing. As a result, species identification is frequently difficult. Molecular (DNA sequence) data have emerged as crucial information for the taxonomic identification of plant pathogenic fungi, with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region being the most popular marker. However, international nucleotide sequence databases are accumulating numerous sequences of compromised or low-resolution taxonomic annotations and substandard technical quality, making their use in the molecular identification of plant pathogenic fungi problematic. Here we report on a concerted effort to identify high-quality reference sequences for various plant pathogenic fungi and to re-annotate incorrectly or insufficiently annotated public ITS sequences from these fungal lineages. A third objective was to enrich the sequences with geographical and ecological metadata. The results – a total of 31,954 changes – are incorporated in and made available through the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi (http://unite.ut.ee), including standalone FASTA files of sequence data for local BLAST searches, use in the next-generation sequencing analysis platforms QIIME and mothur, and related applications. The present initiative is just a beginning to cover the wide spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi, and we invite all researchers with pertinent expertise to join the annotation effort.
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| 2. |
- Colins, Olivier F., 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Psychopathic Traits in Early Childhood : Further Validation of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory
- 2017
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Ingår i: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.). - Thousand Oaks, USA : Sage Publications. - 1073-1911 .- 1552-3489. ; 24:5, s. 602-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to further test the reliability and validity of a newly developed instrument designed to assess psychopathic personality traits in children, the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI). Data from the Preschool Twin Study in Sweden were used, a national general population study of 5-year-old twins (n = 1,188, 50.3% girls). Both preschool teachers and parents were used as informants. Confirmatory factor analysis replicated the intended three-factorial structure of the 28 items of the CPTI. Overall, our findings demonstrated good internal consistency and convergent validity, with all the teacher-rated CPTI scores being associated with teacher and parent ratings of externalizing psychopathology, aggressive behavior, fearlessness, and prosocial peer involvement. In conclusion, the CPTI hold promise as a teacher-rated tool for assessing psychopathic traits in childhood, though more research is needed to see if these findings can be generalized to other countries, settings, and older children.
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| 3. |
- Dobrosavljevic, Maja, 1986-
(författare)
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Beyond the Young Age : Investigation of the Prevalence of ADHD in Older Adults and the Risk of Age-related Disorders
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairing levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Symptoms of ADHD, which typically emerge in childhood, may persist until older age with a substantial adverse impact on health and functionality. Yet there is a notable knowledge gap in research on ADHD in older age and the potential associations of adult ADHD with disorders that are common in older age (i.e., age-related disorders). Thus, this thesis aimed to investigate the prevalence rates of ADHD in older age and whether ADHD in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of age-related disorders. Study I, a systematic review and meta-analysis, suggests that a considerable number of older adults report elevated levels of ADHD symptoms, while the prevalence of treated ADHD is less than half of the prevalence of clinically diagnosed ADHD. In Studies II, III, and IV, we used data from Swedish population registers. We found that ADHD is associated with an increased risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (Study II), which substantially attenuates after controlling for psychiatric comorbidity. Further, ADHD symptoms in adulthood are associated with an increased risk of subsequent cardiometabolic disorders (Study III). The associations attenuate after controlling for educational attainment, psychiatric comorbidity, and lifestyle factors, and they are confounded by genetic factors. Finally, the prediction of cardiovascular risk in adults initiating pharmacological treatment for ADHD may improve by considering novel risk factors (i.e., psychiatric comorbidity and use of other psychotropic medications) in addition to traditional predictors (Study IV). Overall, the findings indicate that a substantial number of older adults have increased levels of ADHD symptoms and that ADHD in adults is associated with an increased risk of age-related disorders. Further longitudinal studies, based on both community samples and epidemiological data, are needed to explore the risk of age-related disorders in ADHD, and the underlying mechanisms, until a more advanced older age.
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| 4. |
- Dobrosavljevic, Maja, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment : a population-based register study
- 2021
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Ingår i: European psychiatry. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0924-9338 .- 1778-3585. ; 65:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous research has indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia, but studies are scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between ADHD, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid conditions, educational attainment, head injuries, other developmental disorders, and sex on the association.Methods: The study population consisted of 3,591,689 individuals born between 1932 and 1963, identified from Swedish population-based registers. Cases of ADHD, dementia and MCI were defined according to ICD diagnostic codes and ATC codes for medication prescriptions. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between ADHD, and dementia and MCI.Results: Individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. After adjusting for sex and birth year, a hazard ratio (HR) was 2.92 (95% confidence interval 2.40-3.57) for dementia, and 6.21 (5.25-7.35) for MCI. Additional adjustment for psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and bipolar disorder) substantially attenuated the associations, HR = 1.62 (1.32-1.98) for dementia, and 2.54 (2.14-3.01) for MCI. Common metabolic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity), sleep disorders, head injuries, educational attainment, and other developmental disorders, had a limited impact on the association. The association between ADHD and dementia was stronger in men.Conclusions: ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations.
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| 5. |
- Dobrosavljevic, Maja, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in older adults : A systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 118, s. 282-289
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a significant knowledge gap in research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in older adults. Via a systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of ADHD in older adults, considering different assessment methods. We searched five electronic databases up to June 26, 2020. We identified 20 relevant studies with 32 datasets providing a total sample size of 20,999,871 individuals (41,420 individuals with ADHD). The pooled prevalence estimates differed significantly across assessment methods: 2.18 % (95 % CI = 1.51, 3.16) based on research diagnosis via validated scales, 0.23 % (0.12, 0.43) relying on clinical ADHD diagnosis, and 0.09 % (0.06, 0.15) based on ADHD treatment rates. Heterogeneity was significant across studies for all assessment methods. There is a considerable number of older adults with elevated levels of ADHD symptoms as determined via validated scales, and the prevalence of treated ADHD is less than half of the prevalence of clinically diagnosed ADHD. This highlights the need for increased awareness of ADHD clinical diagnosis and treatment in older adults.
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| 6. |
- Drislane, Laura E., et al.
(författare)
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A triarchic model analysis of the youth psychopathic traits inventory
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X .- 1943-2763. ; 29:1, s. 15-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Triarchic model of psychopathy characterizes this complex condition in terms of distinct phenotypic constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The current study evaluated the coverage of these constructs provided by a well-established inventory for assessing psychopathy in adolescents, the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). A consensus rating approach was used to identify YPI items relevant to each Triarchic model construct, and convergent and discriminant validity of the resulting YPI-Triarchic scales were examined in relation to criterion measures consisting of scores on other psychopathy measures and relevant personality trait variables (N = 618, M age = 18.8). The YPI-Triarchic scales showed good internal consistency and exhibited properties largely consistent with predictions based on the Triarchic model, aside from somewhat greater than expected covariance between boldness and other facet scales. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interpreting scores on the YPI and for investigating distinctive components of psychopathy in youth.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Henrik, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0021-843X .- 1939-1846. ; 115:2, s. 221-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The psychopathic personality can be conceptualized as three interrelated dimensions, (a) an interpersonal style of glibness, grandiosity, and manipulation; (b) an affective disposition of callousness, lack of empathy, and unemotionality; and (c) a behavioral/lifestyle dimension of impulsivity, need for stimulation, and irresponsibility, underpinning a higher order construct, psychopathic personality. The authors used a self-report questionnaire (The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory) to study the importance of genetic and environmental influences on psychopathic personality traits in a sample of 1,090 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, aged 16-17 years. Results showed a strong genetic influence behind the higher order "psychopathic personality" factor, underpinned by the three psychopathic personality dimensions. Over and above the effects to the higher order factor, significant unique genetic influences were also found in the callous/unemotional and in the impulsive/irresponsible dimension, but not in the grandiose/manipulative dimension. The authors propose that this latent psychopathic personality factor is a meaningful target for future etiological research.
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| 8. |
- Magnusson, Patrik K. E., et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Twin Registry : establishment of a biobank and other recent developments
- 2013
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Ingår i: Twin Research and Human Genetics. - Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. - 1832-4274 .- 1839-2628. ; 16:1, s. 317-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish Twin Registry (STR) today contains more than 194,000 twins and more than 75,000 pairs have zygosity determined by an intra-pair similarity algorithm, DNA, or by being of opposite sex. Of these, approximately 20,000, 25,000, and 30,000 pairs are monozygotic, same-sex dizygotic, and opposite-sex dizygotic pairs, respectively. Since its establishment in the late 1950s, the STR has been an important epidemiological resource for the study of genetic and environmental influences on a multitude of traits, behaviors, and diseases. Following large investments in the collection of biological specimens in the past 10 years we have now established a Swedish twin biobank with DNA from 45,000 twins and blood serum from 15,000 twins, which effectively has also transformed the registry into a powerful resource for molecular studies. We here describe the main projects within which the new collections of both biological samples as well as phenotypic measures have been collected. Coverage by year of birth, zygosity determination, ethnic heterogeneity, and influences of in vitro fertilization are also described.
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| 9. |
- Solares, Carmen, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Externalizing Behaviors and Alzheimer's Disease and Any Dementia : A Multigeneration Cohort Study in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Innovation in Aging. - : Oxford University Press. - 2399-5300. ; 7:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives: We examined the extent to which externalizing behaviors such as violent and nonviolent criminal behavior, and substance use disorders (SUD) are associate with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and any dementia in prior generations.Research Design and Methods: A nationwide cohort of 2,463,033 individuals born between 1973 and 1997 (index persons) were linked to their biological relatives (parents, grandparents, and uncles/aunts) using Swedish national registers. Cox regression models were used to examine the association between each measure of externalizing behaviors with AD and any dementia in each of the relative cohorts.Results: Parents of index persons with externalizing behaviors had an increased risk for AD compared with parents of index persons without externalizing behaviors—nonviolent criminal behavior: Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.16, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) 1.10–1.22; violent criminal behavior: HR = 1.32 (95% CI: 1.19–1.45); SUD: HR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.40). The associations attenuated with decreasing familial relatedness. Relatives of individuals with externalizing behaviors compared with relatives of individuals without, showed an increased risk of having both early-onset and late-onset AD but the strength of the associations was higher for early-onset AD than for late-onset AD. A similar pattern of results was observed for the association with any dementia.Discussion and Implications: Externalizing behaviors are associated with AD and any dementia in prior generations. The associations were stronger for parents in comparison with grandparents and uncles/aunts, suggesting shared familial risks between conditions. This warrants further studies examining common genetic and family-wide environmental factors that may contribute to identifying common underlying mechanisms to the development of externalizing behaviors, AD, and any dementia.
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| 10. |
- Solares, Carmen, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older adults with a criminal background : a population-based register study in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Criminal behaviour has previously been associated with an increased risk for several mental health problems, but little is known about the association between criminal behaviour and dementia. We aimed to examine how the criminal background (type of crime, number of convictions, length of the sentence) is associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and how mental and physical health disorders and educational attainment influenced these associations. A nationwide cohort of 3,617,028 individuals born between 1932 and 1962 were linked with criminal and medical records using Swedish national registers. We used Cox regression models to examine the associations. Increased risks for dementia (Hazard ratios (HRs) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50-1.57) and MCI (1.55, 1.50-1.61) were found in individuals with criminal background, particularly among those who committed violent or several crimes, or with long sentences. After full adjustment of covariates, the associations attenuated but remained statistically significant for dementia (1.25, 1.22-1.28) and MCI (1.27, 1.22-1.32). The attenuation was mostly explained by mental health problems -depression, anxiety, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, substance use disorder (SUD), and bipolar disorder- (dementia: 1.34, 1.31-1.37; MCI: 1.35, 1.30-1.40). SUD contributed the most to attenuate the associations. Our results may provide important insights to health and penal systems by showing the importance of considering the severity of the criminal background and life-course mental health when assessing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.
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