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| 2. |
- Lautner, Ronald, et al.
(författare)
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Apolipoprotein e genotype and the diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease.
- 2014
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 71:10, s. 1183-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies suggest that the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele modulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42). Whether this effect is secondary to the association of the APOE ε4 allele with cortical Aβ deposition or whether APOE ε4 directly influences CSF levels of Aβ42 independently of Aβ pathology remains unknown.
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| 3. |
- Lautner, Ronald, et al.
(författare)
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Biomarkers for microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease.
- 2011
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Ingår i: International journal of Alzheimer's disease. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-0252. ; 2011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intensive research over the last decades has provided increasing evidence for neuroinflammation as an integral part in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) are initiated by activated microglia, representing the first line of the innate immune defence of the brain. Therefore, biochemical markers of microglial activation may help us understand the underlying mechanisms of neuroinflammation in AD as well as the double-sided qualities of microglia, namely, neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. In this paper we summarize candidate biomarkers of microglial activation in AD along with a survey of recent neuroimaging techniques.
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| 4. |
- Nagy, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid analyses for the diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage and experience from a Swedish study. What method is preferable when diagnosing a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine : CCLM / FESCC. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1434-6621 .- 1437-4331. ; 51:11, s. 2073-2086
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) has a high mortality and morbidity rate. Early SAH diagnosis allows the early treatment of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm, which improves the prognosis. Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses may be performed after a negative computed tomography scan, but the precise analytical methods to be used have been debated. Here, we summarize the scientific evidence for different CSF methods for SAH diagnosis and describe their implementation in different countries. The principle literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus with the search items "cerebrospinal fluid", "subarachnoid haemorrhage", and "diagnosis". CSF analyses for SAH include visual examination, red blood cell counts, spectrophotometry for oxyhaemoglobin or bilirubin determination, CSF cytology, and ferritin measurement. The methods vary in availability and performance. There is a consensus that spectrophotometry has the highest diagnostic performance, but both oxyhaemoglobin and bilirubin determinations are susceptible to important confounding factors. Visual inspection of CSF for xanthochromia is still frequently used for diagnosis of SAH, but it is advised against because spectrophotometry has a superior diagnostic accuracy. A positive finding of CSF bilirubin is a strong indicator of an intracranial bleeding, whereas a positive finding of CSF oxyhaemoglobin may indicate an intracranial bleeding or a traumatic tap. Where spectrophotometry is not available, the combination of CSF cytology for erythrophages or siderophages and ferritin is a promising alternative.
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| 5. |
- Zetterberg, Henrik, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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CSF in Alzheimer's Disease
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Clinical Chemistry. - San Diego : Elsevier Academic Press Inc. - 0065-2423. ; 65, s. 143-172
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42-amino acid protein called amyloid beta, and N-terminally truncated fragments thereof, in extracellular senile plaques together with intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Clinical chemistry tests for these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples. Here, we review what these markers have taught us on the disease process in AD and how they can be implemented in routine clinical chemistry. We also provide an update on new marker development and ongoing analytical standardization effort.
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| 6. |
- Zetterberg, Henrik, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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CSF in Alzheimer's Disease
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Clinical Chemistry. Volume 65. Gregory S. Makowski (Ed.). - : Academic Press Inc.. - 9780128022665 ; , s. 143-172
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain amyloidosis that injures brain regions involved in memory consolidation and other cognitive functions. Neuropathologically, the disease is characterized by accumulation of a 42-amino acid protein called amyloid β, and N-terminally truncated fragments thereof, in extracellular senile plaques together with intraneuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal and axonal degeneration and loss. Clinical chemistry tests for these pathologies have been developed for use on cerebrospinal fluid samples. Here, we review what these markers have taught us on the disease process in AD and how they can be implemented in routine clinical chemistry. We also provide an update on new marker development and ongoing analytical standardization effort. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
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