| 1. |
- Lasselin, Julie, et al.
(författare)
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Biological motion during inflammation in humans
- 2020
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 84, s. 147-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological motion is a powerful perceptual cue that can reveal important information about the inner state of an individual. Activation of inflammatory processes likely leads to changes in gait, posture, and mobility patterns, but the specific characteristics of inflammation-related biological motion have not been characterized. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inflammation on gait and motion in humans. Systemic inflammation was induced in 19 healthy volunteers with an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg body weight). Biological motion parameters (walking speed, stride length and time, arm, leg, head, and shoulder angles) were assessed during a walking paradigm and the timed-up-and-go test. Cytokine concentrations, body temperature, and sickness symptoms were measured. During inflammation, compared to placebo, participants exhibited shorter, slower, and wider strides, less arm extension, less knee flexion, and a more downward-tilting head while walking. They were also slower and took a shorter First step in the timed-up-and-go test. Higher interleukin-6 concentrations, stronger sickness symptoms, and lower body temperature predicted the inflammation-related alterations in biological motion. These findings show that biological motion contains clear information about the inflammatory status of an individual, and may be used by peers or artificial intelligence to recognize that someone is sick or contagious.
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| 2. |
- O'Toole, M. S., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of psychological interventions on systemic levels of inflammatory biomarkers in humans : A systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 74, s. 68-78
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present investigation was to systematically review randomized controlled trials examining the effects of psychological interventions on inflammatory biomarkers in adult populations and to quantitatively analyze those effects by meta-analysis. Two researchers independently searched key electronic databases, selected eligible publications, extracted data, and evaluated methodological quality. Nineteen randomized controlled trials examining a total of 1510 participants were included. The overall combined effect size from pre to post psychological intervention on pro-inflammatory biomarker levels was statistically significant, showing an attenuating effect, although of a small magnitude (s’ g = 0.15, p = .008, CI [0.04–0.26]). However, this effect was not maintained into the follow-up period (g < −0.01, p = .964, CI [−0.19–0.18]). Looking at the individual biomarkers assessed across studies, only C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to significantly decrease following psychological intervention. A number of moderation analyses were conducted, none of which reached statistical significance. However, the numerically largest – and significant – within-group effect size was obtained for the group of studies that had preselected participants based on elevated psychological distress (g = 0.29, p = .047). In conclusion, psychological interventions appear efficacious in reducing pro-inflammatory biomarker levels. Future studies are recommended to carefully select individuals based on inflammatory (e.g., the presence of low-grade inflammation) and/or psychological (e.g., psychological distress) criteria.
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| 3. |
- Regenbogen, C., et al.
(författare)
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Multisensory detection of sickness
- 2016
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Ingår i: XXVIth Annual Meeting of the European Chemoreception Research Organization. ; , s. 94-95
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Converging evidence suggests that humans have a behavioral repertoire that assists the immune system in the defense against infectious disease. Behavioral detection of subtle and early sickness cues in others, and subsequent avoidance of the infected conspecific, would indeed be a cost-efficient way of coping with an environment fraught with pathogens. That humans can detect early and subtle cues of sickness by way of both olfaction and vision was recently demonstrated. The current study targeted how sickness cues affect social perception 95and how these visual and olfactory cues, alone and in unison, activate the brain.
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| 4. |
- Albrecht, Daniel S., et al.
(författare)
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Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia - A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 75, s. 72-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fibromyalgia (FM) is a poorly understood chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. While mounting evidence suggests a role for neuroinflammation, no study has directly provided evidence of brain glial activation in FM. In this study, we conducted a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) study using [C-11]PBR28, which binds to the translocator protein (TSPO), a protein upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes. To enhance statistical power and generalizability, we combined datasets collected independently at two separate institutions (Massachusetts General Hospital [MGH] and Karolinska Institutet [KI]). In an attempt to disentangle the contributions of different glial cell types to FM, a smaller sample was scanned at KI with [C-11]-L-deprenyl-D2 PET, thought to primarily reflect astrocytic (but not microglial) signal. Thirty-one FM patients and 27 healthy controls (HC) were examined using [C-11]PBR28 PET. 11 FM patients and 11 HC were scanned using [C-11]-L-deprenyl-D2 PET. Standardized uptake values normalized by occipital cortex signal (SUVR) and distribution volume (V-T) were computed from the [C-11]PBR28 data. [C-11]-L-deprenyl-D2 was quantified using lambda k(3). PET imaging metrics were compared across groups, and when differing across groups, against clinical variables. Compared to HC, FM patients demonstrated widespread cortical elevations, and no decreases, in [C-11]PBR28 ITT and SUVR, most pronounced in the medial and lateral walls of the frontal and parietal lobes. No regions showed significant group differences in [C-11]-L-deprenyl-Ds signal, including those demonstrating elevated [C-11] PBR28 signal in patients (p's >= 0.53, uncorrected). The elevations in [C-11]PBR28 V-T and SUVR were correlated both spatially (i.e., were observed in overlapping regions) and, in several areas, also in terms of magnitude. In exploratory, uncorrected analyses, higher subjective ratings of fatigue in FM patients were associated with higher [C-11] PBR28 SUVR in the anterior and posterior middle cingulate cortices (p's < 0.03). SUVR was not significantly associated with any other clinical variable. Our work provides the first in vivo evidence supporting a role for glial activation in FM pathophysiology. Given that the elevations in [C-11]PBR28 signal were not also accompanied by increased [C-11]-deprenyl-D2 signal, our data suggests that microglia, but not astrocytes, may be driving the TSPO elevation in these regions. Although [C-11]-L-deprenyl-D2 signal was not found to be increased in FM patients, larger studies are needed to further assess the role of possible astrocytic contributions in FM. Overall, our data support glial modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for FM.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Lina S., 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of unfamiliar caregivers during sickness – Using the new Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT) during experimental endotoxemia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 119, s. 741-749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social withdrawal is a well-established part of sickness behavior, but in some contexts sick animals might gain from keeping close instead of keeping away. For instance, sick individuals are more willing to be near known individuals who can provide care and safety (close others) compared to when healthy. Yet, interactions with some strangers might also be beneficial (i.e., healthcare professionals), but it is not known how sickness interplay with social behavior towards such individuals. Here, we assessed if sickness affects perception of caregivers, and developed a new task, the Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT). Twenty-six participants performed the CgPT, once after an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.8 ng/kg body weight, n = 24), and once after an injection of saline (n = 25), one hour and forty-five minutes post-injection. During the task, participants watched short video clips of three types of caregivers: a healthcare professional taking care of a sick individual, a healthcare professional not taking care of a sick individual, and a non-healthcare professional taking care of their sick adult child or partner. After each video clip, the likability, trustworthiness, professionalism, and willingness to interact with and receive care from the caregiver were rated on visual analogue scales. Results showed that participants injected with saline rated healthcare professionals who did not take care of a sick individual less positively on all aspects compared to healthcare professionals who took care of a sick individual. Moreover, compared to saline, LPS increased the participants’ willingness to receive care from healthcare professionals and non-healthcare professionals providing care, but not from healthcare professionals not providing care. Thus, our results indicate that sick individuals may approach unknown individuals with potential to provide care and support.
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| 6. |
- Hansson, Lina S., 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Pointing out sickness : Detection of sickness from gait patterns
- 2021
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 98, s. 21-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The ability to detect sick individuals is crucial for survival, by allowing avoidance of contagion. We have shown that humans can detect sick individuals from facial cues and body odors, but perception of these cues requires close proximity to the infectious person. Given that gait patterns can be detected from a distance and are altered during sickness, it would be beneficial to detect sickness from biological motion. Methods: We collected videos and point-light displays of walking individuals who were either made sick experimentally with an injection of lipopolysaccharide, or who were healthy (placebo). In study 1, 106 naive subjects watched these displays and rated them as coming from someone sick or healthy. In study 2, 106 other subjects rated health, sadness and tiredness of the displays on a VAS scale. Results: In Study 1, the sensitivity was 59% for videos and 57% for point-light displays, while the specificity was 74% for videos and 61% for point-light displays. Additional results will be presented at the conference. Conclusion: This study will indicate if sickness can be detected from gait patterns, possibly adding to immune defensive behaviors by facilitating avoidance of contagious peers.
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| 7. |
- Hansson, Lina S., et al.
(författare)
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The walking sick : Perception of experimental sickness from biological motion
- 2023
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 113, s. 319-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Identification of sick conspecifics allows for avoidance of infectious threats, and is therefore an important behavioral defense against diseases. Here, we investigated if humans can identify sick individuals solely from biological motion and posture (using point-light displays). Additionally, we sought to determine which movements and sickness parameters would predict such detection. We collected video clips and derived point-light displays (one stride presented in a loop) of sick walkers (injected with lipopolysaccharide at 2.0 ng/kg body weight) and the same walkers when healthy (injected with saline). We then presented these displays to two groups, one group classified each walker as sick or healthy (study 1, n = 106), and the other group scored the walkers’ health on a visual analogue scale (study 2, n = 106). The raters were able to identify sick individuals above chance, and rated sick walkers as having worse health, both from observing video clips and point-light displays. Furthermore, both sickness detection and worse apparent health were predicted by inflammation-induced increase in rigidity and slower walking, but not other cues. Altogether, these findings indicate that biological motion can serve as a sickness cue, possibly allowing humans to identify sick conspecifics from a distance, and thereby allowing for disease avoidance.
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| 8. |
- Hedman, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Mediators in psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: Individual cognitive therapy compared to cognitive behavioral group therapy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 51:10, s. 696-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder (SAD), four of the important maintaining mechanisms are avoidance, self-focused attention, anticipatory processing and post-event cognitive processing. Individual cognitive therapy (ICT) and cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) both have substantial empirical support. However, it is unclear whether they achieve their effects by similar or different mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in the four maintenance processes mediate clinical improvement in la and CBGT for SAD. We analyzed data from participants (N = 94) who received either ICT or CBGT in two separate RCTs. The results showed that ICT had larger effects than CBGT on social anxiety and each of the four potential mediators. More pertinently, moderated mediation analyses revealed significant between-treatment differences. Whereas improvement in ICT was mainly mediated by reductions in avoidance and self-focused attention, improvement in CBGT was mediated by changes in self-focused attention and in anticipatory and post-event processing. These results support the importance of the putative mediators, but suggest that their relative weights are moderated by treatment type.
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| 9. |
- Karshikoff, B., et al.
(författare)
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LPS increases pain sensitivity by decreased pain inhibition and increased insular activation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 49, s. e1-e1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have shown that women are more prone to developing LPS-induced pain sensitivity than men, and that the descending endogenous pain inhibition is disrupted in women during experimental systemic inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate some of the central neural mechanisms underlying our previous findings. 51 participants (29 women) were injected with 0.6 ng/kg LPS or saline and went through a thumb-pressure pain fMRI paradigm 2 h after injection. As hypothesized, the subjects injected with LPS had decreased activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), areas involved in descending pain inhibition. In addition, the LPS group had higher activity in the anterior insula, an area involved in medial/affective pain processing and interoception. These effects were not sex dependent. However, the male participants had overall stronger descending pain inhibition, reflected as a stronger rACC activity compared to women. It is possible that the more robust activation of descending pain inhibition rendered the men more resistant to the immune provocation, which may explain previously seen sex differences in LPS-induced pain sensitivity. Our findings give an indication to how the pain matrix is affected during a sickness response. The results strengthen the proposed link between systemic inflammation and weakened pain regulation in chronic pain disorders, and offers a possible mechanism underlying the female predominance in chronic pain disorders.
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| 10. |
- Karshikoff, B., et al.
(författare)
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Modality and sex differences in pain sensitivity during human endotoxemia
- 2014
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Ingår i: Brain, behavior, and immunity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0889-1591 .- 1090-2139. ; 46, s. 35-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Systemic inflammation can induce pain hypersensitivity in animal and human experimental models, and has been proposed to be central in clinical pain conditions. Women are overrepresented in many chronic pain conditions, but experimental studies on sex differences in pain regulation during systemic inflammation are still scarce. In two randomized and double blind placebo controlled experiments, we used low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an experimental model of systemic inflammation. The first study employed 0.8ng/kg LPS in a within-subject design of 8 individuals (1 woman), and the second study 0.6ng/kg LPS in a between-subject design of 52 participants (29 women). We investigated the effect on (a) pressure, heat, and cold pain thresholds, (b) suprathreshold noxious heat and cold sensitivity, and (c) conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and differences between men and women. LPS induced significantly lower pressure pain thresholds as compared to placebo (mean change with the 0.8ng/kg dose being -64±30kPa P=.04; with the 0.6ng/kg dose -58±55kPa, P<.01, compared to before injection), whereas heat and cold pain thresholds remained unaffected (P's>.70). Suprathreshold noxious pain was not affected by LPS in men (P's⩾.15). However, LPS made women rated suprathreshold noxious heat stimuli as more painful (P=.01), and showed a tendency to rate noxious cold pain as more painful (P=.06) as compared to placebo. Furthermore, LPS impaired conditioned pain modulation, a measure of endogenous pain inhibition, but this effect was also restricted to women (P<.01, for men P=.27). Pain sensitivity correlated positively with plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels. The results show that inflammation more strongly affects deep pain, rather than cutaneous pain, and suggest that women's pain perception and modulation is more sensitive to immune activation than men's.
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