| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 2. |
- He, Wei, et al.
(författare)
-
Recent development and application of thermoelectric generator and cooler
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 143, s. 1-25
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy crisis and environment deterioration are two major problems for 21st century. Thermoelectric device is a promising solution for those two problems. This review begins with the basic concepts of the thermoelectric and discusses its recent material researches about the figure of merit. It also reports the recent applications of the thermoelectric generator, including the structure optimization which significantly affects the thermoelectric generator, the low temperature recovery, the heat resource and its application area. Then it reports the recent application of the thermoelectric cooler including the thermoelectric model and its application area. It ends with the discussion of the further research direction.
|
|
| 3. |
- Li, Guozhen, et al.
(författare)
-
A review of factors affecting the efficiency of clean-in-place procedures in closed processing systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 178, s. 57-71
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reviews the current state of researches on improvement of Clean-In-Place (CIP) procedures in closed processing system thus saving energy, with a special attention paid to the hydrodynamic effects of cleaning fluid and the numerical and experimental approaches to investigate the identified controlling factors. The paper discussed the fouling problems of processing plants and the importance of sufficient CIP procedures, the forces contributing to cleaning with a special focus on the hydrodynamic effects. In general, it is possible to enhance hydrodynamic removal forces by local introduction of, among others, high wall shear stress and fluctuation rate of wall shear stress without consuming more energy. A theoretical model of particle removal in flow was also reviewed which supports the factors identified. The paper therefore further reviewed and compared the current state of modelling and experimental techniques on CIP improvement. To simulation the CIP process, it is necessary to consider 3D time-resolved Large Eddy Simulation with a Hybrid RANS-LES WMLES as Sub-Grid-Scale model because it captures both the mean and fluctuation rate of flow variables, while affordable for industrial flows. The wall shear stress measurement techniques and cleanablity test methods were also discussed and suggested.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
