| 1. |
- Cao, Yuan, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid Trusted/Untrusted Relay Based Quantum Key Distribution over Optical Backbone Networks
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. - 0733-8716 .- 1558-0008. ; 39:9, s. 2701-2718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantum key distribution (QKD) has demonstrated a great potential to provide future-proofed security, especially for 5G and beyond communications. As the critical infrastructure for 5G and beyond communications, optical networks can offer a cost-effective solution to QKD deployment utilizing the existing fiber resources. In particular, measurement-device-independent QKD shows its ability to extend the secure distance with the aid of an untrusted relay. Compared to the trusted relay, the untrusted relay has obviously better security, since it does not rely on any assumption on measurement and even allows to be accessed by an eavesdropper. However, it cannot extend QKD to an arbitrary distance like the trusted relay, such that it is expected to be combined with the trusted relay for large-scale QKD deployment. In this work, we study the hybrid trusted/untrusted relay based QKD deployment over optical backbone networks and focus on cost optimization during the deployment phase. A new network architecture of hybrid trusted/untrusted relay based QKD over optical backbone networks is described, where the node structures of the trusted relay and untrusted relay are elaborated. The corresponding network, cost, and security models are formulated. To optimize the deployment cost, an integer linear programming model and a heuristic algorithm are designed. Numerical simulations verify that the cost-optimized design can significantly outperform the benchmark algorithm in terms of deployment cost and security level. Up to 25% cost saving can be achieved by deploying QKD with the hybrid trusted/untrusted relay scheme while keeping much higher security level relative to the conventional point-to-point QKD protocols that are only with the trusted relays.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Cao, Yuan, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-Tenant Provisioning for Quantum Key Distribution Networks With Heuristics and Reinforcement Learning : A Comparative Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1932-4537. ; 17:2, s. 946-957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks are potential to be widely deployed in the immediate future to provide long-term security for data communications. Given the high price and complexity, multi-tenancy has become a cost-effective pattern for QKD network operations. In this work, we concentrate on addressing the online multi-tenant provisioning (On-MTP) problem for QKD networks, where multiple tenant requests (TRs) arrive dynamically. On-MTP involves scheduling multiple TRs and assigning non-reusable secret keys derived from a QKD network to multiple TRs, where each TR can be regarded as a high-security-demand organization with the dedicated secret-key demand. The quantum key pools (QKPs) are constructed over QKD network infrastructure to improve management efficiency for secret keys. We model the secret-key resources for QKPs and the secret-key demands of TRs using distinct images. To realize efficient On-MTP, we perform a comparative study of heuristics and reinforcement learning (RL) based On-MTP solutions, where three heuristics (i.e., random, fit, and best-fit based On-MTP algorithms) are presented and a RL framework is introduced to realize automatic training of an On-MTP algorithm. The comparative results indicate that with sufficient training iterations the RL-based On-MTP algorithm significantly outperforms the presented heuristics in terms of tenant-request blocking probability and secret-key resource utilization.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Li, Jun, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Bandwidth Slicing to Boost Federated Learning over Passive Optical Networks
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Communications Letters. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1089-7798 .- 1558-2558. ; 24:7, s. 1492-1495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During federated learning (FL) process, each client needs to periodically upload local model parameters and download global model parameters to/from the central server, thus requires efficient communications. Meanwhile, passive optical network (PON) is promising to support fog computing where FL tasks can be executed and the traffic generated by FL needs to be transmitted together with other types of traffic for broadband access. In this letter, a bandwidth slicing algorithm in PONs is introduced for efficient FL, in which bandwidth is reserved for the involved ONUs collaboratively and mapped into each polling cycle. Results reveal that the proposed bandwidth slicing significantly improves training efficiency while achieving good learning accuracy for the FL task running over the PON.
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| 7. |
- Li, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Delay-aware bandwidth slicing for service migration in mobile backhaul networks
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 11:4, s. B1-B9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fog computing is expected to be integrated with communication infrastructure, giving rise to the concept of fog-enhanced radio access networks (FeRANs) to support various mission-critical applications. Such architecture brings computation capabilities closer to end users, thereby reducing the communication latency to access services. In the context of FeRAN, service migration is needed to tackle limited resources in a single fog node and to provide continuous service for mobile end users. To support service migration, high capacity and low latency are required in mobile backhaul networks. Passive optical networks can be a promising solution for such mobile back-haul, in which bandwidth is shared by both migration traffic and that which is not associated with service migration. In this paper, we propose a bandwidth slicing mechanism, in which the bandwidth can be provisioned to the migration traffic and non-migration traffic dynamically and effectively to meet their different delay requirements. Simulation results verify that the proposed delay-aware bandwidth slicing scheme can handle the migration traffic properly, i.e., sending it within a required time threshold, while limiting the impact of the migration traffic on the latency and jitter of the non-migration traffic, particularly that with high priority.
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| 8. |
- Li, Jun, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling technologies for low-latency service migration in 5G transport networks [Invited]
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1943-0620 .- 1943-0639. ; 13:2, s. A200-A210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fifth generation (5G) mobile communications system is envisioned to serve various mission-critical services such as industrial automation, cloud robotics, and safety-critical vehicular communications. To satisfy the stringent end-to-end latency requirement of these services, fog computing has been regarded as a promising technology to be integrated into 5G networks, in which computing, storage, and network functions are provisioned close to end users, thus significantly reducing the latency caused in transport networks. However, in the context of fog-computing-enabled 5G networks, the high mobility feature of users brings critical challenges to satisfy the stringent quality of service requirements. To address this issue, service migration, which transmits the associated services from the current fog server to the target one to follow the users' travel trace and keep the service continuity, has been considered. However, service migration cannot always be completed immediately and may lead to a situation where users experience a loss of service access. In this regard, low-latency service migration plays a key role to reduce the negative effects on services being migrated. In this paper, the factors that affect the performance of service migration are analyzed. To enable low-latency service migration, three main enabling technologies are reviewed, including migration strategies, low-latency, and high-capacity mobile backhaul network design, and adaptive resource allocation. Based on a summary of the reviewed technologies, we conclude that dynamic resource allocation is the worthiest one to research. Therefore, we carry out a use case, where reinforcement learning (RL) is adopted for autonomous bandwidth allocation in support of low-latency service migration in a dynamic traffic environment and evaluate its performance compared to two benchmarks. The simulation demonstrates that the RL-based algorithm is able to self-adapt to a dynamic traffic environment and gets converged performance, which has an obviously smaller impact on non-migration traffic than the two benchmarks while keeping the migration success probability high. Meanwhile, unlike the benchmarks, the RL-based method shows performance fluctuations before getting converged, which may cause unstable system performance. It calls for future research on advanced smart policies that can get convergence quickly, particularly for handling the migration of latency-sensitive services in 5G transport networks.
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| 9. |
- Li, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Online Resource Management in Fog-enhanced Cellular Networks for Real-Time Vehicular Services
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fog computing is expected to be integrated with existing communication infrastructures, giving rise to the concept of fog-enhanced cellular networks (FeCNs) to support real-time services. In such FeCNs, service migration is necessary to maintain the service continuity and satisfy stringent latency requirements of real-time vehicular services, where the service is migrated from a source fog node to a target fog node following the vehicle's moving trace. Fog servers, however, need to have sufficient computational resources available to support such a migration. Also, provisioning resource for the migrated real-time services needs to be completed as soon as possible to minimize the service interruption. This paper proposes a distributed online resource management (ORM) scheme, in which resources for real-time vehicular services are provisioned with high priority. Once resources are scarce in one fog node, services with low priority can be migrated to neighboring fog nodes and their resources can be released in a distributed fashion. We propose two algorithms tailored to reduce the negative effects on the affected services. As a case study, the Luxembourg traffic volume model has been considered to verify the performance of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is dependent on the backhaul capacity. Compared with other schemes, the one-hop access probability for real-time vehicular services implying low delay performance can be effectively improved, while the performance of other services can also be well maintained by providing sufficient backhaul capacity.
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| 10. |
- Li, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Optical transport network architecture enabling ultra-low latency for communications among base stations
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition, OFC 2017 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781943580231
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a novel transport network architecture for mobile backhauling along with its tailored communication protocol to offer ultra-low latency. Results show that less than 0.5 milliseconds packet delay can be achieved for inter-base-station communications.
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