| 1. |
- Sbarra, AN, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 589:7842, s. 415-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
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| 2. |
- Graetz, N, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 577:77917789, s. 235-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ding, X., et al.
(författare)
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A study of the cutting performance of poly-crystalline oxygen free copper with single crystalline diamond micro-tools
- 2012
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Ingår i: Precision engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-6359 .- 1873-2372. ; 36:1, s. 141-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study was carried out to investigate the crystallographic effects on the performance of cutting poly-crystalline oxygen free copper C10200 (OFC) with single crystalline diamond (SCD) micro-tools. At both large cutting depth and cross-feed rate, as the micro-tool traversed a grain with a crystallographic orientation less favorable for a stable machining process, the work material in front of the rake face was found to be severely deformed. This may lead to a reduced shear angle, thick chip, striation at the back of the chip, high cutting forces, degraded machined surface and the possibility of burr formation. The results showed minimal variations in the machined surface integrity and cutting forces compared to cut amorphous NiP plating with micro-tools. For a high cutting depth, burrs were also observed due to material deformation and pile-up occurring at the groove edges since the localized stress probably built up in front of the rake face. Cutting strategies were demonstrated to improve the performance of cutting OFC with micro-tools and to generate high aspect ratio micro-pillar arrays.
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| 5. |
- Ghassemali, Ehsan, et al.
(författare)
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Dead-zone formation and micro-pin properties in progressive microforming process
- 2011
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Ingår i: ICTP 2011, 10th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity, Steel Research International: Special Edition, Aachen, DE, Sep 25-29, 2011. - Weinheim : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 9783514007840 ; , s. 1014-1019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel progressive microforming process that consisted of a two step operations, punching and blanking was studied. Micropins with diameter of 300 µm were manufactured from metal strip to cater for a set-up with good potential for mass production. Investigations showed that the microstructure contains some deformed zones surrounded by less-deformed zones or "dead-zones" which is unique to the progressive microforming process. The aim of this work was to understand the origin and evolution of the "dead-zones" in the microstructure of the final products during the progressive microforming process, and find a way to avoid this phenomenon. To do this, the microstructure of the 300 µm pins with punch diameters of 3.2 and 2.2 mm at different punch displacement was investigated experimentally and by simulation. Experimental observations showed that dead-zones appear just after starting the microforming process, which is due to the friction at the workpiece-die interface. This dead zone leaks into the die cavity as a result of work-piece compression. It was shown that the inhomogeneous mechanical properties could be significantly improved by selection of an appropriate punch.
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| 6. |
- Ghassemali, E., et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of microstructure and hardness in microfoming of pure copper pins
- 2010
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Ingår i: Key Engineering Materials. - 1013-9826 .- 1662-9795. ; 447-448, s. 381-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microforming is defined as the process of production of metallic micro-parts with sub-millimeter dimension. There is as strong interaction between the scale of the microstructure and the size of the part affecting material flow, the so-called "size effect" in microforming processes. Conventional forming rules cannot be directly applied to the micro-scale forming. To better understand the implications for part geometry and properties, further investigation of the material flow related events is necessary. The aim of this work is to investigate microstructural evolution of pure copper during a micro-extrusion process - for production of micro-pins with diameters varying from 300 to 800Όm - by means of optical microscope (OM). Qualitative strain gradient distribution could be observed by those pictures. The results showed that change of micro-pins diameter and die angle affect the microstructure and strain distribution of the final product remarkably, that affect the mechanical properties of the pin formed. Furthermore, microhardness results were consistent with the microstructural observations. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications.
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| 7. |
- Goi, K. L. S., et al.
(författare)
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Elastic modulus of sintered porous Ti-Si-Zr, using activation by Ti-Si mechanically alloyed powder and TiH2 powder
- 2008
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 475:1-2, s. 45-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel biomaterial based on Ti-Si-Zr was developed using the sintering process with a composition targeting at a bulk modulus in the same range as that of human bone, i.e. 10-30 GPa. Control of porosity should also be possible to allow for the promotion osseointegration. The sintering procedure involves the use of mechanically alloyed Ti-Si-powder, and TiH2, to promote bonding, but not consolidation. The effect of porosity on the bulk modulus using compression testing is investigated. The influence of sintering temperature, heating rate, and amount and size of the TiH2-activator on porosity are also investigated. The achievable bulk modulus was in the range of 20-55 GPa at porosity levels ranging from 16% to 54%. Porosity had a profound influence on the bulk modulus, and the choice of appropriate processing conditions enables the creation of an engineered porosity and bulk modulus primarily by varying the sintering temperature and the size of the TiH2-powder particles. © 2007.
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| 8. |
- Green, Dido, et al.
(författare)
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Sensory Processing Difficulties in Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Neurology. - : Sage Publications. - 0883-0738 .- 1708-8283. ; 31:8, s. 965-970
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare but serious neurological condition resulting in loss of control of eye movements, often accompanied by difficulties in posture and movement control with reports of sensory sensitivities potentially impacting on behavior. This pilot study characterizes the presence of atypical sensory behaviors in opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome through questionnaire survey of a cohort of families. The Short Sensory Profile, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and Developmental Behaviour Checklist were distributed to 30 families; 16 were returned anonymously. Atypical sensory behaviors were identified in a large proportion (62.5%). Children reported as being more anxious showed greater sensitivity to auditory stimuli, U(14) 11, P =.026. This is consistent with recent recognition of more extensive disease neurocognitive effects in Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Further research is needed to increase understanding of the complex pathology of this disease and to provide indicators for sensory and behavioral as well as pharmacological interventions.
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| 9. |
- Lang, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability study of a RF power amplifier with GaN-on-SiC HEMTs
- 2016
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Ingår i: ECS Transactions. - Pennington, N.J. : The Electrochemical Society. - 9781607685395 ; , s. 49-59
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- RF power amplifier demonstrators containing each one GaN-on- SiC, HEMT, CHZ015A-QEG, from UMS in SMD quad-flat noleads package (QFN) were subjected to thermal cycles (TC) and power cycles (PC) and evaluated electrically, thermally and structurally. Two types of lead-free solders (Sn63Pb36Ag2 and SnAgCu (SAC305)) and two types of TIM materials (NanoTIM and TgonTM 805) for PCB attachment to liquid cold plate were tested for thermo-mechanical reliability. Changes in electrical performance of the devices namely reduction of the current saturation value, threshold voltage shift, increase of the leakage current and degradation of the HF performance were observed as a result of an accumulated current stress during PC. No significant changes in the investigated solder or TIM materials were observed.
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| 10. |
- Lang, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Thermo-mechanical reliability and performance degradation of a lead-free RF power amplifier with GaN-on-SiC HEMTs
- 2017
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Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 9783035710434 ; , s. 715-718
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- RF power amplifier demonstrators containing each one GaN-on-SiC, HEMT, CHZ015AQEG, from UMS in SMD quad-flat no-leads package (QFN) were subjected to thermal cycles (TC) and power cycles (PC) followed by electrical, thermal and structural evaluation. Two types of solders i.e. Sn63Pb36Ag2 and lead-free SnAgCu (SAC305) and two types of TIM materials (NanoTIM and TgonTM 805) for PCB attachment to liquid cold plate were tested for thermomechanical reliability. Changes in electrical performance of the devices namely reduction of the current saturation value, threshold voltage shift, increase of the leakage current and degradation of the HF performance were observed as a result of an accumulated current stress during PC. No significant changes in the investigated solder or TIM materials were observed.
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