| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 5. |
- Bo, Lin, et al.
(författare)
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Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Subband Time-Frequency Texture Tensor
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 7, s. 37611-37619
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The texture feature tensor established from a subband time–frequency image (TFI) was extracted and used to identify the fault states of a rolling bearing. The TFI of adaptive optimal-kernel distribution was optimally partitioned into TFI blocks based on the minimum frequency band entropy. The texture features were extracted from the co-occurrence matrix of each TFI block. Based on the order of the segmented frequency bands, the texture feature tensor was constructed using the multidimensional feature vectors from all the blocks; this preserved the inherent characteristic of the TFI structure and avoided the information loss caused by vectorizing multidimensional features. The linear support higher order tensor machine based on the feature tensor was applied to identify the fault states of the rolling bearing.
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| 6. |
- Das, Oisik, et al.
(författare)
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Functionalised biochar in biocomposites: The effect of fire retardants, bioplastics and processing methods
- 2023
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Ingår i: Composites Part C: Open Access. - : Elsevier. - 2666-6820. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire retardants, although can impart fire-safety in polymeric composites, are detrimental to the mechanical properties. Biochar can be used, in conjunction with fire retardants, to create a balance between fire-safety and mechanical performance. It is possible to thermally dope fire retardants into the pores of biochar to make it functionalised. Thus, the current work is intended in identifying a composite having the combination of the most desirable fire retardant, bioplastic, and a suitable processing method. A comparison was made between two fire retardants (lanosol and ammonium polyphosphate), bioplastics (wheat gluten and polyamide 11), and composite processing methods (compression and injection moulding). It was found that wheat gluten containing ammonium polyphosphate-doped biochar made by compression moulding had the best fire-safety properties with the lowest peak heat release rate (186 kW/m2), the highest fire performance index (0.6 m2s/kW), and the lowest fire growth index (1.6 kW/ms) with acceptable mechanical properties compared to the corresponding neat bioplastic. Thus, for gluten-based polymers, the use of ammonium polyphosphate thermally doped into biochar processed by compression moulding is recommended to both simultaneously improve fire-safety and conserve the mechanical strength of the resulting biocomposites.
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| 7. |
- Gao, Xu, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal History Effects on Decomposition Behavior and Pyrolysis Mechanism of Cellulose Nitrate
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrocellulose is an important kind of energetic material produced by replacing hydroxyl of cellulose molecule to nitro, which has a wide application range in social life. During transportation and storage, inevitably the quality of the nitrocellulose will be affected due to external ambient heating. In this study, two kinds of NC samples, original and heated ones, were used as research objects and taken into DSC experiments under several constant heating rates to explore thermal history effects on its decomposition and combustion behavior. A series of calculation methods based on model fitting were main ways for research, so were model free methods. Numerical results by model fitting method showed that decomposition reaction of NC follows n-th reaction model. The comparison between experimental results of two kinds of samples claimed that thermal history had positive influence on heat flow, and increased the reaction order of decomposition process, and decreased the characteristic temperatures. So the thermal history made the decomposition reaction more difficult to take place and more stable. This study is obviously meaningful for the research of thermal pyrolysis process of NC after thermal history.
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| 8. |
- Jiang, Lin, et al.
(författare)
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Pyrolytic Kinetics of Polystyrene Particle in Nitrogen Atmosphere : Particle Size Effects and Application of Distributed Activation Energy Method
- 2020
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 12:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work was motivated by a study of particle size effects on pyrolysis kinetics and models of polystyrene particle. Micro-size polystyrene particles with four different diameters, 5, 10, 15, and 50 µm, were selected as experimental materials. Activation energies were obtained by isoconversional methods, and pyrolysis model of each particle size and heating rate was examined through different reaction models by the Coats–Redfern method. To identify the controlling model, the Avrami–Eroféev model was identified as the controlling pyrolysis model for polystyrene pyrolysis. Accommodation function effect was employed to modify the Avrami–Eroféev model. The model was then modified to f(α) = nα0.39n − 1.15(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]1 − 1/n, by which the polystyrene pyrolysis with different particle sizes can be well explained. It was found that the reaction model cannot be influenced by particle geometric dimension. The reaction rate can be changed because the specific surface area will decrease with particle diameter. To separate each step reaction and identify their distributions to kinetics, distributed activation energy method was introduced to calculate the weight factor and kinetic triplets. Results showed that particle size has big impacts on both first and second step reactions. Smaller size particle can accelerate the process of pyrolysis reaction. Finally, sensitivity analysis was brought to check the sensitivity and weight of each parameter in the model.
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| 9. |
- Liu, Ye, et al.
(författare)
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First-principles investigation on the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of Y4Zr3O12 and Y2Ti2O7 oxides in ferritic alloy under helium environment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier. - 2238-7854 .- 2214-0697. ; 29, s. 1872-1886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of Y4Zr3O12 and Y2Ti2O7 oxides in ferritic alloys with and without Helium utilizing a systematic first-principles approach. Firstly, the atomic arrangement of Y and Zr atoms at cation 18f sites in δ-(Y–Zr–O) oxide is identified, while it is found that Y4Zr3O12 exhibits a more robust formation tendency than Y2Ti2O7. Furthermore, it is noted that both Y4Zr3O12 and Y2Ti2O7 oxides demonstrate a prior ability to trap Helium compared to the bcc-Fe matrix, which leads to a substantial enhancement on the stiffness of both oxides. The elastic moduli of both Y4Zr3O12 and Y2Ti2O7 oxide exhibit a gradual increase with the growing Helium concentration. As a result, the enhanced shear modulus of oxides and sustained shear modulus of the bcc-Fe matrix collectively contribute to the overall strength of ferritic alloys under Helium environments. The findings in this work propose valuable insights for guiding critical strategies in the design of high-performance oxide-dispersion-strengthened ferritic alloys, particularly for applications in Helium environments.
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| 10. |
- Babu, Karthik, et al.
(författare)
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A Review on the Flammability Properties of Carbon-Based Polymeric Composites : State-of-the-Art and Future Trends
- 2020
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 12:7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon based fillers have attracted a great deal of interest in polymer composites because of their ability to beneficially alter properties at low filler concentration, good interfacial bonding with polymer, availability in different forms, etc. The property alteration of polymer composites makes them versatile for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics, biomedical, and so on. Devastations due to building fire stress the importance of flame-retardant polymer composites, since they are directly related to human life conservation and safety. Thus, in this review, the significance of carbon-based flame-retardants for polymers is introduced. The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition (such as fullerene, CNTs, graphene, graphite, and so on) on reaction-to-fire of the polymer composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites. Additionally, the most widely used flammability measuring techniques for polymeric composites are presented. Finally, the key factors and different methods that are used for property enhancement are concluded and the scope for future work is discussed.
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