| 1. |
- Wismans, Jac, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Commentary: Status of road safety in Asia
- 2016
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 17:3, s. 217-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assess the status of road safety in Asia and present accident and injury prevention strategies based on global road safety improvement experiences. Discuss the way forward by indicating opportunities and countermeasures that could be implemented to achieve a new level of safety in Asia. Methods: Review and analyses of data in the literature, among others from the World Health Organisation (WHO) and World Bank and review of lessons learned from best practices in high-income countries. Estimation of costs due to road transport injuries in Asia and review of future trends in road transport. Results: Data on the Global and Asian road safety problem and status of prevention strategies in Asia as well as recommendations for future actions. The total number of deaths due to road accidents in the 24 Asian countries, encompassing 56% of the total world population, is 750.000 per year (statistics 2010). The total number of injuries are more than 50 million, of which 12% are hospital admissions. The loss to the economy in the 24 Asian countries is estimated to around 800 billion US$ or 3.6% of GDP. Conclusions: This paper clearly shows that road safety is causing large problems and costs in Asia with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. In many of the Asian low- and middle-income countries the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still further increasing. Vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclist combined) are particularly at risk. Road safety in Asia should be given rightful attention, including taking powerful, effective actions. This review stresses the need for reliable accident data, since there is a large underreporting in the official statistics. Reliable accident data are imperative to determine evidence based intervention strategies and monitor the success of these interventions and analyses. On the other hand, lack of good high quality accident data should not be an excuse to postpone interventions. There are many opportunities for evidence-based transport safety improvements, including measures concerning the five key risk factors: speed, drunk–driving, not wearing motorcycle helmets, not wearing seat-belts and not using child restraints in cars, as specified in the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020. In this commentary, a number of new additional measures are proposed which are not covered in the Decade of Action Plan. These new measures include separate roads or lanes for pedestrians and cyclists, helmet wearing for e-bike riders, special attention to elderly persons in public transportation, introduction of emerging collision avoidance technologies in particular automatic emergency braking (AEB) and alcohol locks, improved truck safety focussing on the other road user (including blind spot detection technology, under-ride protection at the front, rear and side and energy absorbing fronts) and improvement of motorcycle safety concerning protective clothing, requirements for advanced braking systems, improved visibility of motorcycles by using day-time running lights and better guard rails.
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| 2. |
- Wismans, Jac, et al.
(författare)
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Road safety implications and opportunities for regions under increasing motorization
- 2016
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Ingår i: 17th International Conference Road Safety On Five Continents (RS5C 2016), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 17-19 May 2016. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper compiles, evaluates and analyses information from different data sources on accidents and health, road transport and economic performance in a comprehensive manner to assess the size and impact of road accidents and injuries in regions under increasing motorization. Strategies based on global road safety improvement experiences are presented. In addition the paper aims at discussing a way forward by indicating opportunities and countermeasures that could be implemented to achieve a new level of safety in these regions. The data used comes from e.g. World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank. Estimations on costs due to road transport injuries are presented. The results clearly demonstrate that road safety is causing large problems and costs with an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. For example, according to our analysis, the loss to the economy in Latin America is more than 130 billion US$ or 2.8 % of GDP. In many of low and middle-income countries the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still increasing. Vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists) are particularly at risk. Reliable accident data are imperative to determine evidence based intervention strategies and monitor the success of these interventions and analyses. When comparing data it is clear that there are large problems in official statistics in several countries. The lack of good high quality accident data should, however, not be an excuse to postpone measures. Future trends in road transport and lessons learned from best practices in high-income countries are reviewed. The paper also proposes measures beyond the Decade of Action Plan for Road Safety 2011-2020, with respect to vulnerable road users, infrastructure, vehicle technology and truck and bus safety and discusses the implications for road safety in the UN’s new Sustainable Development Goals.
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| 3. |
- Schiotz Thorud, Hanne-Mari, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability of muscle blood flow measurements in orbicularis oculi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Optometry and Vision Science. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1040-5488 .- 1538-9235. ; 91:9, s. E215-E221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose. Orbicularis oculi muscle tension and muscle blood flow have been shown to be objective measures of eyestrain during visually demanding activities, such as computer work. In line with this, positive associations between eye-related pain and muscle blood flow in orbicularis oculi have been observed. A hypothesis regarding work situations with cognitive tasks and low-level muscle activity, such as computer work, proposes that muscle pain originates from the blood vessel-nociceptor interactions of the connective tissue of the muscle. Noninvasive muscle blood flow measurements in the orbicularis oculi muscle are preferable to using an invasive technique. The aim of this study was to test reproducibility and stability of muscle blood recordings in orbicularis oculi using photoplethysmography. Methods. In the reproducibility tests, 12 subjects were tested twice within 1 to 5 weeks. To study the stability of the method, six of the subjects were randomly selected and tested four more times within 2 to 6 weeks. Test subjects were doing identical visually demanding computer work for 10 minutes in each test. Results. The short-term repeatability of muscle blood flow measurements was considered good, but the stability of blood flow recordings over time in orbicularis oculi was low because of a greater within-subject maximum variability compared with between-subject average variability. Conclusions. Investigators should be aware of the effect of time, possibly attributed to confounding factors such as environmental changes and mental stress, when comparing photoplethysmography muscle blood flow recordings.
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| 4. |
- Wismans, Jac, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Economics of Road Safety – What does it imply under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development?
- 2017
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Ingår i: 10th Regional Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST) Forum in Asia, 14-16 March 2017 in Vientiane, Lao PDR. ; , s. 1-58
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road traffic accidents and injuries are a major public health problem and leading cause of death in the Asia EST region (comprises South and Southeast Asia, People's Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mongolia and the Russian Federation). This paper aims to: - Review the Road Safety problem in the EST region, including the economic impact- Review of the role of the UN and its entities in the field of road safety, including the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals - Introduce the basics of economics of road safety and the methodology of cost benefit assessment (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CE)- Review of the status of road safety measures in the EST region and analysis of the importance of investment in road safety in Asia- Develop recommendations on the most cost-effective road safety measures.
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| 5. |
- Wismans, Jac, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of Road Safety in National Productivity and Human Development in Asia
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fatalities and injuries due to road transport have an enormous impact on the well-being of people, economy and productivity. Therefore Road Safety is one of the core elements of a sustainable transport system as is reflected in the 2013 Bali Declaration, which introduced the “Vision Three Zeros ‐ Zero Congestion, Zero Pollution, and Zero Accidents”. The latest WHO and IMHE-World Bank publications estimate that yearly around 1.3 million deaths due to road accidents occur worldwide. Almost 80 million are injured of which more than 9 million would need hospital admissions with often long-term disabilities as a consequence. If also indirect deaths caused by air pollution from motorized transport are included the total number of deaths exceeds 1.5 million corresponding to over 4000 lost lives per day. The objectives of this paper are to: Review and summarize the most recent and relevant information on the global road safety problem and its impact on productivity. The focus is on the Asian EST region currently consisting of 24 countries including the two most populated areas in the world - China and India. Present accident and injury prevention strategies based on experience and effectiveness in developed countries and their potential for implementation in Asia. Discuss the way forward by summarizing the most relevant opportunities to prevent road fatalities and injuries in the Asian EST region and thus how road safety can contribute to achieve the Bali Vision- Zero Accidents. The size of the road safety problem in the 24 Asian EST is evident from several numbers: the total number of estimated deaths in the region due to road accidents is 750,000 per year based on WHO and IMHE/World Bank estimates. The total number of injuries is more than 50 million (of which 12% are hospital admissions), corresponding to 2/3 of all injuries worldwide, while 56% of the world’s population lives in the 24 Asian EST countries. The number of indirect deaths due to air pollution caused by motorized transport is almost 100,000 with a relatively large share from India. The death rate (fatalities per 100,000 population) is in many of the Asian EST countries more than twice as high as in Europe. Vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists and motor cyclists combined) are at particular risk. They constitute 60% of the deaths due to road accidents in Asian EST countries and in many of the low and middle income countries in this region this percentage is even higher. The total costs of injuries in the Asian EST countries, calculated as a loss to the economy, is estimated to 735 billion US$ or 3.3% of GDP. In 8 countries (Bangladesh Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnam) it is even more than 4% of the GDP. In many of the Asian EST low and middle income countries the yearly number of fatalities and injuries is still further increasing while in several high income countries these numbers are decreasing. One problem seen in many countries is the large underreporting in the official country statistics which are usually based on police data. The WHO and IMHE/World Bank estimates for the numbers of fatalities in the Asian EST region are more than twice the values from the official data from the respective countries. This large national underreporting stresses the need for reliable accident data. These are necessary to understand the causes of accidents, to determine evidence based intervention strategies and also for monitoring the success of these interventions. On the other hand lack of good accident data is not an excuse not to implement good practices based on experiences from other countries.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Describing fish passage in a river confluence with telemetry and CFD
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The confluence between hydropower tailrace and the old river bed in Stornorrfors in the river Umeälven in the northern part of Sweden has shown to be the largest obstacle for upstream migrating salmon and sea trout during the migrating season. Fish are attracted to the high flow rate from the tailrace and will not migrate upstream in the old river bed being the passage to the fishway leading past the hydropower dam. By triangulating the movements of radio tagged fish using eight antennas in the confluence, it is here possible to describe the individual fish tracks left by radio tagged fish during the migrating season. These tracks are then compared with three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the confluence. By simulating the most common combinations of turbine flow and spill flow in the old river bed it is then possible to find correlations between individual fish movements and flow parameters such as velocity, turbulence intensity or vorticity for different flow combinations. It was previously assumed that fish had trouble locating the old river bed, the results of the triangulation however shows that most fish finds the old river bed within a few days but does not chose to migrate until several days (or weeks) later. The main issue to be solved is therefore not how to attract the fish to the old river bed but rather how to create favorable conditions in the old river bed so that migrating fish are more inclined to take that path upstream.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Lindberg, Siv M, et al.
(författare)
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Making subjective assessments objective : A mottle ruler for calibration of panel assessments of perceived print mottle
- 2008
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Ingår i: Paper Conference and Trade Show, PaperCon '08. - 9781605605104 ; , s. 2086-2124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective was to establish principles and procedures for: a) digital simulation and output of reference samples for perceived print mottle assessment, b) calibration of subjective assessments to a common unit of measurement. We decided to calibrate our scales using the just-noticeable difference (jnd) as the unit of subjective measurement and adapt a ruler system for the assessment of perceived print mottle as suggested by Keelan [1]. Jnd used in this context means the smallest difference in mottle required for 50 % of a test panel to genuinely detect a difference. Reference samples were designed in Matlab by adding a stochastic noise to a homogeneous gray (33 % reflectance) and a cyan image, that, when printed would have the resemblance of print mottle typically seen in offset printing. Digital images were converted to CMYK images, rasterized using a Best Color Rip, and printed on Epson Archival Matte paper on an Epson Stylus Photo 2100 ink-jet printer. The resulting prints were evaluated for the magnitudes of perceived visual mottle as well as for the just-noticeable differences, jnds, using panels of assessors. The prints were also evaluated for instrumental mottle using STFI-Packforsk’s image analysis based STFI-mottle software. Two mottle rulers were assembled. A mottle ruler is a set of 5 cm ×—5 cm reference samples, varying widely in magnitudes of reflectance variation resembling real print mottle. Rulers were constructed for simulated K40 % (gray) and cyan 100 % (cyan) samples. The rulers are arranged with approximate twelve reference samples separated by intervals of three jnds each. A Round Robin evaluation of visually perceived print mottle was performed. Two rulers, cyan and gray, together with test samples to be evaluated against the rulers, were sent out to four participating companies. The test sets consisted of eight commercially produced samples (printed paper and board) and twelve simulated samples varying not only in the magnitude of mottle but also in character (e.g. coarseness and the orientation of the simulated noise). The purpose of using test samples with appearances that differed from the reference samples was to test the performance of the approach. The mottle rulers were also applied at Iggesund Paperboard during a test period of eight months in which more than 300 printed samples were assessed against the rulers. Round robin results showed good agreement between participating paper companies. The average standard deviations of the ratings against the rulers were ˜2.5 jnd units for the gray samples and ˜3.5 jnd units for the cyan samples. Some difficulties with the assessment technique were observed for the simulated samples, due to some samples having a very different visual character in terms of uncovered areas or noise that had a distinct orientation e.g. banding. Results from the testing period at Iggesund show less variability; average standard deviation for cyan 1.61 jnd and for gray 2.3 jnd. Overall, the calibration approach developed works very well, with the results showing a low variability of the ratings and a very good agreement between the different test panels, as well as a reasonably good correspondence between ratings of commercially produced samples and mottle measurements.
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