| 1. |
- Eriksson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Allocation of infrastructure cost in the maritime sector
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable consists in principle of two parts; one part with a review of the literature around maritime infrastructure cost with a focus on fairways (section 3), pilotage (section 4) and ports (section 5) and another part with an in-depth study on the Baltic icebreaking fleet (section 6). Our main conclusion from the first part is that all these parts of the infrastructure (fairways, pilotage and ports) show significant economies of scale. A long run marginal cost pricing strategy will never recover the cost and a short run pricing strategy (including user costs) will have problems with cost recovery if the capacity utilisation is low. The pricing strategies observed seem to use numerous forms of two part tariffs and "Ramsey" pricing solutions to solve the cost recovery issue of the sector. The consequence of all these (small) deviations from marginal cost pricing should probably be further analysed. The second part deals with icebreaking and notes that icebreaking in open water is not charged for by any EU Member State. Still the case study reported in this paper shows that the operation is characterised by considerable marginal costs. Finally, a relevant question to address is to what extent there are justifications for European or international legislation on maritime charging in the light of economic theory. Obviously, it is useful to address different parts of the maritime infrastructure separately.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Infrastrukturpolitik på samhällsekonomisk grund
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A government committee, Trafikverksutredningen, has commissioned VTI to review the national infrastructure policy regarding construction and maintenance of roads and railways as well as concerning policies to ascertain its appropriate use. Based on our review, recommendations are given relative to the appropriate organisation of a future infrastructure agency and the ways in which responsibilities for different types of decisions can be split between the political and administrative/agency level in order to enhance efficiency in the use of scarce resources. The report has also been published as Appendix 2 to the official committee report (SOU 2009:31).
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| 3. |
- Ricci, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
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Infrastructure managers views on infrastructure cost allocation
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable summarises the Infrastructure managers (IM) feedback concerning the possibility to implement the CATRIN recommendations. The background activities carried out by the CATRIN IMs in preparation of this report have been: 1. A survey among IMs, in which the CATRIN IMs have reviewed the current pricing principles and have expressed their positions concerning the adoption of other principles in the formulation and implementation of pricing policies. 2. Interviews with the IMs in order to discuss cost allocation methods in use, for which the review of current practices has led to the identification and discussion of the most relevant issues at stake, problems, uncertainties and achievements. 3. Meetings with IMs in which the CATRIN IMs have provided input to the case studies and discussed the possibility to implement the CATRIN recommendations, as emerged from the CATRIN case studies.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Benevolence and the value of road safety
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study uses the contingent valuation method to elicit individuals' preferences for their own and others' safety in road-traffic. Whereas one group is asked about a private safety device for themselves, other groups are asked about safety devices for their children, household, relatives and the public. Support is found for the hypothesis that individuals are not purely selfish when it comes the safety of others.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Willingness to pay for car safety : sensitivity to time framing
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stated preference (SP) surveys attempt to obtain monetary values for non-market goods that reflect individuals "true" preferences. Numerous empirical studies suggest that monetary values from SP studies are sensitive to survey design and so may not reflect respondents' true preferences. This study examines the effect of time framing on respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for car safety. We explore how WTP per unit risk reduction depends on the time period over which respondents pay and face reduced risk. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation survey, we find that WTP is sensitive to time framing; estimates based on an annual scenario are about 30 to 70 percent higher than estimates from a monthly scenario.
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| 6. |
- Hasund, Knut Per, et al.
(författare)
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Vilka sysselsättnings-, miljö- och samhällsekonomiska effekter har jordbruksstöden?
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Investeringsstöden för landsbygdsutveckling har miljöeffekter och ersättningar för miljöåtgärder påverkar sysselsättningen. För att kunna fördela CAP:s budgetmedel och utforma stöd och ersättningar optimalt måste deras sammantagna sysselsättningsoch samhällsekonomiska effekter tas med, inklusive effekter på miljö liksom jordbrukets kostnader och produktion av livsmedel. I den här studien har vi undersökt hur stora dessa korsvisa effekter på andra mål är, och vad det sammantagna utfallet är för gårdsstödet och ett urval stöd i landsbygdsprogrammet.
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| 7. |
- Hultcrantz, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Pay-as-you-speed : an economic field-experiment
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We report a vehicle-fleet experiment with an economic incentive for keeping within speed limits using a speed-alert device. A traffic insurance scheme was simulated with a monthly bonus during two months reduced by a non-linear speeding penalty. Participants were randomly assigned into four treatment and two control groups. A third control group consists of drivers who had the device and were monitored, but did not participate. We find that participating drivers reduced severe speeding during the first month, but in the second, after having received feedback reports with an account of earned payments, only those given a penalty changed behaviour.
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| 8. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Accident cost, speed and vehicle mass externalities, and insurance
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) automobile insurance enables insurers to charge the vehicle owner per mile instead of a pre-set number of miles per year. PAYD is offered to motorists on an optional basis, i.e., they can also choose a conventional scheme. PAYD insurance builds on the improved possibilities brought by new in-vehicle technologies for measuring distance driven. However, there is a range of other risk factors that could be supervised, some of which are already used by the insurance industry. For instance, one Swedish insurance provider charges a lower premium to vehicles that have an alco-lock installed to make it impossible to use the vehicle for an intoxicated driver. In this report, we summarize some work we have done on how to incorporate two of the most important risk factors; vehicle mass and speed. The possibility to differentiate insurance premiums according to various risk factors raises questions on the interaction between vehicle insurance schemes and taxes. Distance driven, speeding and vehicle mass are in many countries subject to taxation (for instance gasoline tax for distance, speeding tickets for speed and vehicle tax for vehicle mass). We will briefly discuss how a PAYD scheme with a speeding penalty (this will here be called Pay As You Speed, PAYS) can be combined with taxes to implement a Pigou taxation of road accident externalities. We summarize results from a vehicle-fleet experiment with a PAYS insurance incentive for keeping within speed limits using a speed-alert device. The PAYS scheme was simulated with a monthly bonus to participants during two months reduced by a non-linear speeding penalty. We analyse this “mass externality” using a database including collision accidents in Sweden involving two passenger cars during five years. Finally, we discuss different solutions to internalization of this external accident cost. We calculate a mass dependent multiplicative tax on the insurance premium in a no-fault insurance system.
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| 9. |
- Hultkrantz, Lars, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Accident cost, speed and vehicle mass externalities and insurance
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traffic accidents are a human tragedy that kills 1.2 million people worldwide annually (World Health Organization, 2004). The cost of traffic accidents are huge and recent estimates for US alone suggest the cost to be USD 433 billion in year 2000 or 4.3 percentage of GDP (Parry et al, 2007). A reduction of this cost can be done in two ways, either by reducing the number of accidents or by mitigating the consequences of the existing accidents. Insurance systems can contribute to both.
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| 10. |
- Hylen, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Marknadsanalys av höghastighetsbanor i Europa
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- On 4th April 2005 Banverket (Swedish rail infrastructure manager) commissioned VTI to carry out a market analysis of High Speed Rail Lines in Europe. The analysis should serve as an important input in the further planning of the Götalandsbanan (Stockholm-Jönköping-Göteborg) and Södra Stambanan. (Stockholm-Malmö). High Speed (HS) in this report refers to ? 250 km/h. An important part of the work has been to present relevant comparisons between Götalandsbanan and similar lines in other countries. Sweden has more passenger rail traffic as measured in passenger km compared to other countries. Götalandsbanan is intended to serve the heart of Sweden with 3-3½ million inhabitants. The population served by the HS line in Spain for example is similar but in many other cases the population is several times larger. Furthermore the assumed travel distances along Götalandsbanan are similar to such distances abroad where rail has been able to compete successfully with air travel.
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