| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Berglund, B, et al.
(författare)
-
The Swedish Blood Pass project.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 17:3, s. 292-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manipulation of the blood's oxygen carrying capacity (CaO(2)) through reinfusion of red blood cells, injections of recombinant erythropoietin or by other means results in an increased maximal oxygen uptake and concomitantly enhanced endurance performance. Therefore, there is a need to establish a system--"A Blood Pass"--through which such illegal and unethical methods can be detected. Venous blood samples were taken under standardized conditions from 47 male and female Swedish national and international elite endurance athletes four times during the athletic year of the individual sport (beginning and end of the preparation period and at the beginning and during peak performance in the competition period). In these samples, different hematological values were determined. ON(hes) and OFF(hre) values were calculated according to the formula of Gore et al. A questionnaire regarding training at altitude, alcohol use and other important factors for hematological status was answered by the athletes. There were some individual variations comparing hematological values obtained at different times of the athletic year or at the same time in the athletic year but in different years. However, the median values of all individual hematological, ON(hes) and OFF(hre), values taken at the beginning and the end of the preparation or at the beginning and the end of the competition period, respectively, as well as median values for the preparation and competition periods in the respective sport, were all within the 95% confidence limit (CI) of each comparison. It must be mentioned that there was no gender difference in this respect. This study shows that even if there are some individual variations in different hematological values between different sampling times in the athletic year, median values of important hematological factors are stable over time. It must be emphasized that for each blood sample, the 95% CI in each athlete will be increasingly narrower. The conclusion is that there is a physiological basis for establishing an individual-based "Blood Pass" system, mainly for athletes competing at the international level. On indications of manipulations of hemoglobin concentration and red cell mass by deviations from established "Blood Pass" data, more specific methods can be applied.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Clausen, Per Axel, et al.
(författare)
-
Simultaneous extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and nonionic surfactants from house dust. Concentrations in floor dust from 15 Danish schools.
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - 0021-9673. ; 986:2, s. 179-190
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Static extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and Soxhlet extraction were compared for simultaneous extraction of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and nonionic surfactants from house dust. Homogenized office floor dust from a vacuum cleaner dust bag ("standard dust") was used for the evaluation. One portion of the extracts was used for analysis of nonionic surfactants with LC–MS and another portion was used for DEHP analysis with GC–MS. The extraction yield of DEHP was comparable for all the methods whereas SFE and PLE were the most efficient extraction techniques for the nonionic surfactants. The PLE extraction was found most suitable as a routine method for simultaneous extraction of both types of compounds and was used in a field study of floor dust from 15 Danish schools. The mean concentration of DEHP in the school dust samples was ~4 times higher than observed in other studies of dust from homes in different countries. The concentrations of nonionic surfactants were one order of magnitude lower than soap and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates measured in other studies of floor dust from offices and other public buildings. However, for the first time nonionic surfactants have been identified in house dust.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Flykt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Fear of Wolves and Bears : Physiological Responses and Negative Associations in a Swedish Sample
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Human Dimensions of Wildlife. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1087-1209 .- 1533-158X. ; 18:6, s. 416-434
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human fear is important in wildlife management, but self-reported fear provides only partial information about fear reactions. Thus, eye movements, skin conductance, and changes in heart rate were assessed during picture viewing, visual search, and implicit evaluation tasks. Pictures of bears, wolves, moose, and hares were presented to participants who self-reported as fearful of bears (n = 8), fearful of bears and wolves (n = 15), or not fearful of bears or wolves (n = 14). The feared animal was expected to elicit strong physiological responses, be dwelled upon, and be associated with negative words. Independent of fearfulness, bear pictures elicited the strongest physiological responses, and wolf pictures showed the strongest negative associations. The bear-fearful group showed stronger physiological responses to bears. The bear- and wolf-fearful group showed more difficulty in associating bears with good words. Presence of a feared animal in the search task, resulted in prolonged response time.
|
|
| 10. |
- Flykt, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Physiological and behavioral responses in human fear of bears and wolves.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IAPS 22 Conference: Human experience in the natural and built environment: Implications for research policy & practice (Abstracts of Presentations).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on human emotions towards large carnivores is often based on self-reported emotions. This study aimed to investigate physiological and behavioral responses to feared animals among people who say that they are fearful or not fearful of brown bear and wolf. Participants were recruited to be bear fearful only (n=8), fearful of both bear and wolves (n=15), or fearful of neither carnivore (n=14). Three experiments were conducted, including recordings of ECG, skin conductance and eye movements. In the first experiment the task was to look at different pictures of bear, wolf, moose and hare. In the second experiment the participants had to screen 3x4 search arrays with moose pictures. The task was to decide if a hare picture was present in the arrays or not. A bear or a wolf picture could also occur in the arrays, but should be ignored. The third experiment was an implicit association test where the task was to pair wolf, bear or hare, with good or bad words.The results suggest that bear pictures are potent stimuli for eliciting sympathetic activity regardless if the individuals are bear fearful or not. Wolf pictures showed more negative associations and attention capturing effects regardless if the participants are fearful of wolves or not. These results might imply that cognitive interpretation of physiological arousal has an important role for bear fear, and that cognitive interpretation of negative association has an important role in wolf fear. Being fearful of only bear, but not wolf, or being fearful of both these carnivores made a difference. The group fearful of only bears did also display an increase in parasympathetic activity to bear pictures. The group fearful of both carnivores did not show this increase, however, they did show more difficulty in associating bear with good words, an effect that was not shown in the group only fearful of bears. These results imply that specific fear of one specific carnivore species have a different etiology than being fearful of carnivores in general.When a picture of a feared animal appeared among the moose the response time increased. Thus, perceiving a feared carnivore is distractive and has an effect on performance. The group fearful of bears, but not wolves, did respond faster when a wolf picture occurred among the moose pictures. This implies that mental resources are allocated to the feared animal when it is potentially present but not perceived, and that these resources can be freed if the individual is "assured" that the feared animal will not appear.This study showed that fear is a central emotion in relation to wildlife, and that experimental methods are needed to get a substantial understanding of fear. An understanding of the etiology of bear and wolf fear and its relation to cognitions and performance is important for wildlife policy decisions.
|
|
