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- Artman, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Effektiv miljötillsyn : slutrapport
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Målsättningen har varit att ta fram ny kunskap inom miljötillsynen och därigenom uppnå en effektivare miljötillsyn samt att få in nya vetenskapliga perspektiv på miljötillsyn.I rapporten studeras metoder för inspektioner och det kommunikativa samspelet mellan inspektören och företrädare för den verksamhet som inspekteras, hur den institutionella ramen för inspektionsprocessen fungerar samt visar på möjligheter att mäta effekterna av inspektioner och tillsyn.Naturvårdsverket kommer att ha resultatet som ett kunskapsunderlag i fortsatt arbete med tillsynsvägledning och utveckling av hur tillsyn och tillsynsvägledning kan följas upp och utvärderas.
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- Lindblom, Torbjörn, 1938-
(author)
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Reactions in the System Nitro-cellulose/ Diphenylamine with Special Reference to the Formation of a Stabilizing Product Bonded to Nitro-cellulose
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The methods HPLC, microcalorimetry and FTIR together with chemometry, provide good analytical tools to follow the degradation of nitro-cellulose.The degradation products formed from diphenylamine (DPA) during storage can be followed with HPLC. FTIR, together with chemometry, also gives the precision needed for safety control of propellants.Nitro-cellulose (NC) containing DPA obtained a green colour already after 1 day storage at 70°C. About 10% of the stabilizer, and its derivatives, added were not extractable giving an extended time to autocatalysis. This time could be extended up to 70 days at 70°C for an extracted sample compared to about 3 days for non-stabilized NC. This was not shown before.Aged and extracted NC samples contained a non-extractable nitro compound. The most likely compound is 2,4´-dinitroDPA, probably bonded to NC via the amine nitrogen. The bonding to NC occurs after the formation of NNODPA. This is something not described before.Using another batch of nitro-cellulose to find out if a chemical bonding occurs gave inconclusive results as a blue NC was formed. Low molecular NC with high stability was obtained. A chemical bonding probably occurs when using NNODPA as a stabilizer, indicating NNODPA plays a key role.The use of FTIR/chemometry is a promising method to use when studying small chemical changes. The described methodology should be used to find out more about the compound(s) being bonded to NC.
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- Lindgren, Torbjörn, 1972-
(author)
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In Search of the Holy Grail of Photoelectrochemistry : A Study of Thin Film Electrodes for Solar Hydrogen Generation
- 2004
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Hydrogen is a wanted energy carrier in a future society less dependent of fossil fuels. This thesis investigates the possibilities of using solar energy to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen, so called artificial photosynthesis. Through this work multiple inexpensive and stable thin film semiconductor electrodes have been produced and used as solar energy absorbers and active sites for direct watersplitting in photoelectrochemical cells. The electrodes have mainly been of nanostructured metal oxide character but also nitrides have been studied. Detailed back ground theory on photoelectrochemistry of semiconductors for hydrogen evolution is given in the summary of the thesis.Nanostructured WO3 electrodes with a quantum yield close to unity were designed and photoelectrochemically characterized. Hematite, α-Fe2O3, nanorods were synthesized and characterized for the aim of water oxidation. The morphology of the hematite nanorods was found to be in favor of the traditional isotropic nanostructured electrodes. Moreover, a unique porous nitrogen doped TiO2 material, photoactive in visible light, was obtained by reactive sputtering. The nitrogen doped material has interesting photoelectrochemical properties and is also promising for related applications such as pollution degradation by photocatalysis. Polycrystalline indium nitride, InN, was produced by reactive sputtering. Electrodes of the as prepared InN as well as electrodes annealed in nitrogen were studied for the aim of photooxidation of water.The electrodes studied are interesting candidates as potential watersplitting electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells, even if all had in common that further improvements and optimizations need to be done.
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- Rensmo, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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High light-to-energy conversion efficiencies for solar cells based on nanostructured ZnO electrodes
- 1997
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In: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 101:14, s. 2598-2601
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Photoelectrochemical properties of nanostructured ZnO thin film electrodes have been investigated in the UV and visible regions. For films consisting of 15 nm large undoped crystallites a maximum monochromatic current conversion efficiency of 58% was obtained in the visible using a ruthenium-based dye as a sensitizer. The overall solar energy conversion efficiency for this film was 2%. In comparison, sensitized films consisting of 150 nm large Al-doped crystallites yield a monochromatic current conversion efficiency of 31% and an overall solar energy conversion efficiency of 0.5%. The study also shows that nanostructured ZnO may give high efficiencies in the UV region, approaching unity for the Al-doped films.
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