| 1. |
- Kattge, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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| 2. |
- Welch, C. C., et al.
(författare)
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Formation of nanoscale structures by inductively coupled plasma etching
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Conference Micro- and Nano-Electronics 2012. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 9780819494870 ; , s. 870002-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper will review the top down technique of ICP etching for the formation of nanometer scale structures. The increased difficulties of nanoscale etching will be described. However it will be shown and discussed that inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology is well able to cope with the higher end of the nanoscale: features from 100nm down to about 40nm are relatively easy with current ICP technology. It is the ability of ICP to operate at low pressure yet with high plasma density and low (controllable) DC bias that helps greatly compared to simple reactive ion etching (RIE) and, though continual feature size reduction is increasingly challenging, improvements to ICP technology as well as improvements in masking are enabling sub-10nm features to be reached. Nanoscale ICP etching results will be illustrated in a range of materials and technologies. Techniques to facilitate etching (such as the use of cryogenic temperatures) and techniques to improve the mask performance will be described and illustrated.
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| 3. |
- Khoshnevisan, Benyamin, et al.
(författare)
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A critical review on livestock manure biorefinery technologies : Sustainability, challenges, and future perspectives
- 2021
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An ever increasing demand for animal protein products has posed serious challenges for managing the increasingquantities of livestock manure. The choice of treatment technologies is still a complicated task and considerabledebates over this issue still continue. To build a clearer picture of manure treatment framework, this study wasconducted to review the most frequently employed manure management technologies from their state of the art,challenges, sustainability, environmental regulations and incentives, and improvement strategies perspectives.The results showed that most treatment technologies have focused on the solid fraction of manure while theliquid fraction still remains a potential environmental threat. Compared to other waste to energy solutions,anaerobic digestion is the most mature technology to upgrade manure’s organic matter into renewable energy,however the problems associated with high investment costs, operating parameters, manure collection, anddigestate management have hindered its developments in rural areas in developing countries. Bio-oil productionthrough hydrothermal liquification is also a promising solution, as it can directly convert the wet manure intobiofuel. However, lipid-poor nature of manure, operational difficulties, and the need for downstream process toremove nitrogenous compounds from the final product necessitate further research. Livestock manure management(both solid and liquid fractions) under biorefinery approach seems an inevitable solution for futuresustainable development to meet circular bioeconomy requirements. Much research is still required to establish asystematic framework based on regional requirements to develop an integrated manure nutrient recycling andmanure management planning with minimum environmental risks and maximum profit.
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| 4. |
- Lin, Fengxiang, et al.
(författare)
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Comment : On the nature of “unconventional twins” in magnesium
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : Acta Materialia Inc. - 1359-6462 .- 1872-8456. ; 224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- “Unconventional twins” were reported by Cayron and Logé [1] to form in plastically deformed magnesium. They were used to show the occurrence of a new twinning mode which was used to argue for reconsidering the theory of deformation twinning that is based on simple shear [1], and to support a concept of axial weak twins [2]. Our paper demonstrates the incorrect interpretation of their electron back-scatter diffraction map in [1], and that the so-called “unconventional” twins are just conventional extension twins that have impinged with each other. Therefore, the so-called habit plane of the “unconventional twins” is a boundary resulting from impingement of these two different variants of the extension twin, and is therefore not expected to be invariant. © 2022 Acta Materialia Inc.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Liu, Fei, 1980-
(författare)
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English teaching in China : EFL teacher motivation and demotivation at the university level
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Teacher motivation has been shown to be a major factor that affects students’ motivation to learn a second language; however, English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ motivation has not been given enough attention, particularly in the Chinese context where English plays a key role. Thus, this study investigates the motivation of English teachers at the university level in China in order to prepare the ground for the development of recommendations on how to enhance teacher motivation and thereby improve teaching quality and student performance. 101 in-service native Chinese EFL teachers currently working at universities in mainland China participated in the study voluntarily. A mixed methods design was adopted using a web-based questionnaire as the main instrument to explore EFL teachers’ motivation for choosing a teaching career and factors contributing to their motivation and demotivation. Individual background variables in relation to their motivation, such as their English writing proficiency, gender, teaching experience, overseas experience and types of students taught, were also examined. The questionnaire consists of closed questions adapted from previous studies and open-ended questions targeted at providing qualitative data as well as linguistic data for analyzing EFL teachers’ English writing proficiency. The results show that the EFL teachers were multi-motivated when choosing to enter the teaching profession, the main reasons being intrinsic, followed by altruistic reasons. The majority of the participants (73.30%) reported high levels of motivation at the present stage in their career. Significant differences between the first years of teaching and the present were found in the levels of teacher enthusiasm, interest and dedication. EFL teachers’ motivation was affected by various factors, among which student-related factors were reported the most important. Extrinsic factors such as a low salary and limited sources of income, unpleasant working conditions, and students’ negative attitudes were found to be demotivating factors. The results also indicated a positive correlation between EFL teachers’ level of motivation and satisfaction with self-reported English language skills (r =.435). The EFL teachers with overseas experience tended to outperform those with no overseas experience in terms of their English writing proficiency. Nevertheless, despite no statistically significant correlations between EFL teachers’ career motivation and the complexity of their written English nor between career motivation and gender, highly proficient and proficient EFL teachers tended to be predominately intrinsically motivated to enter teaching as compared with moderately proficient EFL teachers who became teachers primarily for altruistic reasons. More female (84.10%) than male EFL teachers reported becoming teachers for altruistic reasons, whereas male teachers more often reported choosing to be an EFL teacher for extrinsic reasons. Age was found to correlate negatively with the EFL teachers’ career motivation. That is, the older EFL teachers were even less likely to change their career and choose another career path than the younger ones. No significant differences in motivation were found between teachers who teach different types of students.
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| 7. |
- Rabiee, Navid, et al.
(författare)
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Green Biomaterials : fundamental principles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Green Biomaterials. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2993-4168. ; 1:1, s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Xu, C., et al.
(författare)
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Crystallographic Analysis of Nucleation at Hardness Indentations in High-Purity Aluminum
- 2016
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A. - : Springer. - 1073-5623 .- 1543-1940. ; 47:12, s. 5863-5870
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nucleation at Vickers hardness indentations has been studied in high-purity aluminum cold-rolled 12 pct. Electron channeling contrast was used to measure the size of the indentations and to detect nuclei, while electron backscattering diffraction was used to determine crystallographic orientations. It is found that indentations are preferential nucleation sites. The crystallographic orientations of the deformed grains affect the hardness and the nucleation potentials at the indentations. Higher hardness gives increased nucleation probabilities. Orientation relationships between nuclei developed at different indentations within one original grain are analyzed and it is found that the orientation distribution of the nuclei is far from random. It is suggested that it relates to the orientations present near the indentation tips which in turn depend on the orientation of the selected grain in which they form. Finally, possible nucleation mechanisms are briefly discussed. © 2016, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
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