| 1. |
- Nurmi, T., et al.
(författare)
-
Global interconnect analysis
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Interconnect-Centric Design for Advanced SoC and NoC. - Boston : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 9781402078354 - 9781402078361 ; , s. 55-84
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid development in deep submicron (DSM) technology makes possible to design complex billion-transistor chips. To take full advantage of increased integration density and cope with the difficulties in designing such complex systems, the emphasis of design methodology has changed from gate-level design to the exploitation of intellectual property (IP) blocks. This IP-based design is rapidly becoming the dominating design paradigm in System-on-Chip (SoC) era. IP blocks themselves are usually verified by the supplier for some technology node but the problem is how to ensure the correct performance when the IP block is integrated in the SoC or even in Network-on-Chip (NoC) environment. The problems occur in adapting the block interface into the used communication frame. The main objective is to make computation (IP blocks) and communication independent on each other. Due to increasing integration density and diminishing wire dimensions, communication using traditional SoC interconnect schemes (such as buses) does not scale up properly compared with system complexity. This leads to the communication scheme where traditional buses and their arbitration are replaced with network switches connecting various IP blocks in different network nodes to each other. Thus, a shift from SoC to NoC is predicted when system complexity scales up on chip level. Network nodes bring inherent pipelining and buffering onto system level which is important when dealing with global wires that have more resistive and inductive nature in current and future DSM technologies. Additionally, undesired transmission errors can be reduced with errorchecking, e.g. in each network node. In this case, latency may increase as a result of increased reliability. In this chapter, we first discuss parasitic modeling in the presence of crosstalk and delay modeling of global wires. Inductance issues are discussed in more detail in chapter 5 and thus we omit them here. Some possible interconnect schemes in SoC and NoC are shortly discussed. In section 3.3 we evaluate cost functions (e.g. power consumption and area) that IP blocks set for the global communication network. We present a method how to evaluate those costs in the early phase of design. By evaluating costs of those resources we can better optimize global interconnects to meet both signal and power distribution challenges. We present one case study example on the cost evaluation. Finally, in section 3.4 we apply methods and theories presented in earlier sections and optimize global interconnects to meet different constraints. The delay in global wires is optimized using repeaters that are sized properly and placed in proper distances so that the overall delay is optimized. Then we present optimal signaling having maximum throughput as a constraint. Last, we present a case study in which both power and signal distribution are simultaneously optimized. This is done by using a method called interconnect partitioning and the design constraint in this case is the maximum allowed variation of power supply levels in the power distribution network. The variation depends on the grain size of the power distribution grid and power consumption taking place in IP (or functional) blocks due to simultaneous switching of large amount of logic gates in a very short time interval.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Feng, X. -T, et al.
(författare)
-
Research and application on coupled t-h-m-c processes of geological media in china - a review
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Processes in Geo-Systems — Fundamentals, Modelling, Experiments and Applications. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 37-48
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theoretical models of coupled T-H-M-C processes of geological media and the associated numerical solutions have become an attractive research focus in geomechanics and related fields in China. This paper provides a systematic overview of the past progress in the fundamental studies of the coupled THM models and numerical methods, and their applications in the fields of oil/gas reservoir, coal mining, and water resources engineering works. The key areas of weakness in research in this field are also outlined and possible directions for the future development are discussed.
|
|
| 4. |
- Fortelius, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
The Origin and Early History of NOW as It Happened
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Evolution of Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas and Ecosystems: 25 years of the NOW database of fossil mammals.. - : Springer. ; , s. 7-32
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The NOW database of fossil mammals came to be through a confluence of several initiatives spanning multiple decades. The first public version of NOW database was released in 1996 and the first Advisory Board was established the year after. Originally, NOW stood for Neogene of the Old World but with the gradual expansion of the database the acronym was eventually reassigned to stand for New and Old Worlds. The structure of what would become NOW was originally cloned from the ETE database of the Smithsonian Institution and the first NOW version accessible over the internet was a node of the ETE database. The first standalone, online version of NOW was launched in 2005 and the first formal steering group was established in 2009. During its existence, NOW has been funded, directly or indirectly, by several organizations but fundamentally it has always been an unfunded community effort, dependent on voluntary work by the participants.
|
|
| 5. |
- Shen, H., et al.
(författare)
-
Wearable carbon nanotube devices for sensing
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Industrial applications of carbon nanotubes. - : Elsevier. - 9780323415316 - 9780323414814 ; , s. 179-199
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for wearable sensing device fabrication is an interesting area, attracting sustained scientific and technological interest. Acquisition of information from wearable technologies is considered a cornerstone in person-centered health informatics, because of its independence, currency, and timeliness. The unique physical and chemical properties (such as high aspect ratio, ultralight weight, high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity) of CNTs make them an attractive nanomaterial for wearable sensor fabrication. Extensive efforts will continuously be made in both academia and industry in the research and development of wearable CNT sensors to enhance their function, flexibility, energy saving, and longevity. We will discuss recent advances in the design and application of wearable devices based on CNT materials for sensing, especially in the fields of medical equipment, motion detection, and environmental sensor.
|
|
| 6. |
- Zhang, Yong, et al.
(författare)
-
Phase formation rules
- 2016
-
Ingår i: High-Entropy Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319270135 ; , s. 21-49
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter gives an overview of existing active phase formation rules for high-entropy alloys (HEAs). A parametric approach using physiochemical parameters including enthalpy of mixing, entropy of mixing, melting points, atomic size difference, and valence electron concentration is used to delineate phase formation rules for HEAs, with a reference to other multicomponent alloys like bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). Specifically, rules on forming solid solutions, intermetallic compounds, and the amorphous phase are described in detail; formation rules of solid solutions with the face-centered cubic (fcc) or body-centered cubic (bcc) structure are also discussed. Some remaining issues and future prospects on phase formation rules for HEAs are also addressed at the end. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.
|
|
