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- Jalkanen, Ville, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Explanatory models for a tactile resonance sensor system-elastic and density-related variations of prostate tissue in vitro
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physiological Measurement. - Bristol : IOP Publ. Ltd. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 29:7, s. 729-745
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tactile sensors based on piezoelectric resonance have been adopted for medical applications. The sensor consists of an oscillating piezoelectric sensor–circuit system, and a change in resonance frequency is observed when the sensor tip contacts a measured object such as tissue. The frequency change at a constant applied force or mass load is used as a stiffness-sensitive parameter in many applications. Differential relations between force and frequency have also been used for monitoring intraocular pressure and stiffness variations in prostate tissue in vitro. The aim of this study was to relate the frequency change (Δf), measured force (F) and the material properties, density and elasticity to an explanatory model for the resonance sensor measurement principle and thereby to give explanatory models for the stiffness parameters used previously. Simulations of theoretical equations were performed to investigate the relation between frequency change and contact impedance. Measurements with a resonance sensor system on prostate tissue in vitro were used for experimental validation of the theory. Tissue content was quantified with a microscopic-based morphometrical method. Simulation results showed that the frequency change was dependent upon density (ρ) and contact area (S) according to Δf ∝ ρS3/2. The experiments followed the simulated theory at small impression depths. The measured contact force followed a theoretical model with the dependence of the elastic modulus (E) and contact area, F ∝ ES3/2. Measured density variations related to histological variations were statistically weak or non-significant. Elastic variations were statistically significant with contributions from stroma and cancer relative to normal glandular tissue. The theoretical models of frequency change and force were related through the contact area, and a material-dependent explanatory model was found as Δf ∝ ρE−1F. It explains the measurement principle and the previously established stiffness parameters from the material properties point of view.
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| 2. |
- Jalkanen, Ville, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Prostate tissue stiffness as measured with a resonance sensor system : a study on silicone and human prostate tissue in vitro.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0140-0118 .- 1741-0444. ; 44:7, s. 593-603
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men in Europe and in the USA. Some prostate tumours are stiffer than the surrounding normal tissue, and it could therefore be of interest to measure prostate tissue stiffness. Resonance sensor technology based on piezoelectric resonance detects variations in tissue stiffness due to a change in the resonance frequency. An impression-controlled resonance sensor system was used to detect stiffness in silicone rubber and in human prostate tissue in vitro using two parameters, both combinations of frequency change and force. Variations in silicone rubber stiffness due to the mixing ratio of the two components could be detected (p<0.05) using both parameters. Measurements on prostate tissue showed that there existed a statistically significant (MANOVA test, p<0.001) reproducible difference between tumour tissue (n=13) and normal healthy tissue (n=98) when studying a multivariate parameter set. Both the tumour tissue and normal tissue groups had variations within them, which were assumed to be related to differences in tissue composition. Other sources of error could be uneven surfaces and different levels of dehydration for the prostates. Our results indicated that the resonance sensor could be used to detect stiffness variations in silicone and in human prostate tissue in vitro. This is promising for the development of a future diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Jalkanen, Ville, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Resonance sensor measurements of stiffness variations in prostate tissue in vitro : a weighted tissue proportion model
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physiological Measurement. - : IOP Publishing. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 27:12, s. 1373-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in Europe and the US. The methods to detect prostate cancer are still precarious and new techniques are needed. A piezoelectric transducer element in a feedback system is set to vibrate with its resonance frequency. When the sensor element contacts an object a change in the resonance frequency is observed, and this feature has been utilized in sensor systems to describe physical properties of different objects. For medical applications it has been used to measure stiffness variations due to various patho-physiological conditions. In this study the sensor's ability to measure the stiffness of prostate tissue, from two excised prostatectomy specimens in vitro, was analysed. The specimens were also subjected to morphometric measurements, and the sensor parameter was compared with the morphology of the tissue with linear regression. In the probe impression interval 0.5-1.7 mm, the maximum R(2) > or = 0.60 (p < 0.05, n = 75). An increase in the proportion of prostate stones (corpora amylacea), stroma, or cancer in relation to healthy glandular tissue increased the measured stiffness. Cancer and stroma had the greatest effect on the measured stiffness. The deeper the sensor was pressed, the greater, i.e., deeper, volume it sensed. Tissue sections deeper in the tissue were assigned a lower mathematical weighting than sections closer to the sensor probe. It is concluded that cancer increases the measured stiffness as compared with healthy glandular tissue, but areas with predominantly stroma or many stones could be more difficult to differ from cancer.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Jalkanen, Ville, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial variations in prostate tissue histology as measured by a tactile resonance sensor
- 2007
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Ingår i: Physiological Measurement. - : IOP Publishing. - 0967-3334 .- 1361-6579. ; 28:10, s. 1267-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, tactile sensors based on piezoelectric resonance sensor technology have been used for medical diagnosis where the sensor's stiffness-measuring properties can reflect tissue pathology. The change in the frequency of the resonating system and the change in force when contact is made with tissue are used as a stiffness parameter. Earlier stiffness measurements of prostate tissue in vitro demonstrate variations related to tissue composition. In this study, measured stiffness from two human prostate specimens was compared to histological composition of prostate tissue below and around the measurement points. Tissue stiffness was measured with the resonance sensor system. Tissue composition was measured at four different depths in the tissue specimen using a microscopic-image-based morphometrical method. With this method, the proportion of tissue types was determined at the points of intersections in a circular grid on the images representing each measurement point. Numerical values were used for weighting the tissue proportions at different depths in the tissue specimen. For an impression depth of 1.0 mm, the sensing depth in this study was estimated to be 3.5-5.5 mm. Stiffness variations due to horizontal tissue variations were investigated by studying the dependence of the size of the circular grid area relative to the contact area of the sensor tip. The sensing area (grid radius) was estimated to be larger than the contact area (contact radius) between the sensor tip and the tissue. Thus, the sensor tip registers spatial variations in prostate tissue histology, both directly below and lateral to the tip itself. These findings indicate that tumours around the sensor tip could be detected, which in turn supports the idea of a future resonance-sensor-based clinical device for detecting tumours and for guiding biopsies.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lindberg, Peter L, et al.
(författare)
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An image analysis method for prostate tissue classification : preliminary validation with resonance sensor data
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology. - : Informa healthcare. - 0309-1902 .- 1464-522X. ; 33:1, s. 18-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resonance sensor systems have been shown to be able to distinguish between cancerous and normal prostate tissue, in vitro. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of the tissue determination, to simplify the tissue classification process with computerized morphometrical analysis, to decrease the risk of human errors, and to reduce the processing time. In this article we present our newly developed computerized classification method based on image analysis. In relation to earlier resonance sensor studies we increased the number of normal prostate tissue classes into stroma, epithelial tissue, lumen and stones. The linearity between the impression depth and tissue classes was calculated using multiple linear regression (R(2) = 0.68, n = 109, p < 0.001) and partial least squares (R(2) = 0.55, n = 109, p < 0.001). Thus it can be concluded that there existed a linear relationship between the impression depth and the tissue classes. The new image analysis method was easy to handle and decreased the classification time by 80%.
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