| 1. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping the potential consequences of car-use reduction in urban areas
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. ; 13, s. 135-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy measures managing the demand for private car use are contemplated in urban areas all over the world. A first step in evaluating the effectiveness — as well as the interrelated sociospatial consequences — of travel demand manage-ment (TDM) measures is determining how their implementation changes the travel options faced by households in different segments. Geocoded travel diary data from Gothenburg, Sweden, are analysed with the aim of determining the number and type of trips by car to the city centre that would be affected by the introduction of traffic regulations varying spatially and temporally. Logistic re-gression analyses are performed to identify effects on different trip purposes, as well as individual and household characteristics related to changes in travel op-tions. The possible application of the results within a policy context and to other urban areas is discussed along with the potential implications for research into adaptation strategies adopted in response to the implementation of TDM meas-ures.
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| 2. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Car user responses to travel demand management measures: Goal setting and choice of adaptation alternatives
- 2004
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Ingår i: Transportation Research D. ; :9, s. 263-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Travel demand management measures can be used to encourage car users to set car-use reduction goals when experiencing impairments in travel options. In forming plans to reduce car-use contingent on such goals, car users consider a range of adaptation alternatives including more efficient car use, suppressing trips, and switching travel mode. These adaptation alternatives, it may be argued, are implemented sequentially over time according to a cost-minimisation principle. A focus group study was conducted gauging the creativity of car-using households when contemplating adaptation alternatives, followed by an Internet-based questionnaire study in an attempt to obtain quantitative estimates of the size of car-use reduction goals and frequency of implementation of adaptation alternatives. The data revealed that the effects of travel demand management measures and trip purpose on the setting of car-use reduction goals were small. While the cost-minimisation principle seemed to dictate stated choices of adaptation alternatives, further research needs to examine the ways in which the principle must be qualified.
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| 3. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Choice of driving versus walking related to cognitive distance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied spatial cognition: From research to cognitive technology / edited by Gary L. Allen. - Mahwah, N.J. ; London : Lawrence Erlbaum. - 0805852999 ; , s. 3-24
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driving a private automobile is frequently chosen at distances that are within walking distance. Followed by a review of previous research on driving choice as well as related research on spatial cognition, this chapter focuses on the role played by cognitive distance for choices between driving and walking, The results of an internet survey are presented showing that choices of driving over walking increases with objective distance according to a concave power function similar to the way cognitive distance is related to objective distance. Suggestions are made for how urban planning supported by information technology may suppress driving at short distances
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| 4. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and psychological determinants of car ownership and use
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cambridge handbook of psychology and economic behaviour. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. ; , s. 383-405
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chapter reviews research on determinants of car ownership and use. After a description of historical trends, the chapter focus on economic, instrumental and psychological determinants of car ownership and use. A final part describes soft and hard policy measures for reducing car use.
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| 5. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Pricing in road transport: Multidisciplinary perspectives.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Verhoef, E., Bliemer, M., Steg, L. & Van Wee, B. (Eds.), Pricing in road transport: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.. - England, Cheltenham : Edward Elgar.. - 978 1 84542 860 0 ; , s. 193-208
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chapter discusses different measures of public attitude to pricing of road transport with focus on private car use. Empirical data from the Stockholm road pricing field trial are used to estimate models of determinants of privat car users’ attitudes to the field trial.
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| 6. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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A cost-minimization principle of adaptation of private car use in response to road pricing schemes.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Jensen-Butler, C., Larsen, M., Madsen, B., Nielsen, O. A., & Sloth, B. (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy, and the environment. - : Springer. - 978 3 540 77149 4
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this chapter, a theoretical framework is proposed with the aim of understanding reduction or changes in private car use in response to road pricing. It is argued that economic disincentives may activate car-use reduction or change goals in individuals and households. However, for car-use reduction or change goals to be implemented, other travel demand management measures are needed that make alternative travel options attractive. A review and classification of these other measures is provided of these other measures followed by an assessment of their potential effectiveness in this respect.
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| 7. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975
(författare)
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Future urban sustainable mobility - Implementing and understanding the impacts of policies designed to reduce private automobile usage
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The historically recent growth in interest in policies designed to reduce private automobile usage, policies coming under the rubric of travel demand management (TDM), is offset by a paucity of systematic research concerning the procedures by which to define and implement such TDM policies or measures, the consequences of such TDM measures and the nature of the ensuing adaptation process occurring upon implementation of any TDM measure. The present thesis’ conceptual framework for understanding the effects of TDM measures extends and complements previous work in the transportation literature by drawing on psychological theories of goal setting and adaptation. The framework views travel choices as being determined by bundles of attributes characterising travel options and by goals and implementation intentions formed over time in response to evaluations of the psychological, generalised costs of current travel. Study I utilised travel diary data to demonstrate that the specific instantiation of a TDM measure (i.e., its spatial and temporal parameters) is critical to the understanding of the ways in which the travel options of various sociodemographic groups for various trip purposes are altered. Taken together, Studies II and III, which utilised focus groups and Internet-based surveys, revealed that people tend to minimise any reductions to their car use wherever possible, with any reductions being achieved in a manner minimising the psychological costs that do occur. That is, evidence consistent with a cost-minimisation principle of adaptation was obtained. Study IV demonstrated that the implementation of long-term TDM measures, assumed to have a bearing on the mobility options and adaptation alternatives available to people, is well suited to participatory planning methods involving the evaluation of future scenarios that are the result of careful analysis of present trends and plausible future developments. The methods examined are a means by which to better project potential and expected futures, and a means by which to systematically understand and communicate preferences for these futures, with reference to both scientific and non-scientific knowledge bases. In conclusion, this research presents some tentative, initial steps towards the greater theoretical understanding of the nature of TDM measures, the changes they effect, the citizens they affect and the principles underscoring citizens’ adaptation process to such TDM measures, with clear and definite practical implications concerning which things to do, why and how.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. ; , s. 57-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an internet survey, a random sample of 291 university employees living in Gothenburg, Sweden, reported their beliefs and evaluations of the consequences of implementing three travel demand management (TDM) measures varying from less to more coercive. The results showed that respondents differentiated amongst the TDM measures in terms of each measure’s expected consequences and that, when combining these beliefs with evaluations, a statistically signifi-cant proportion of variance was accounted for in attitudes to the TDM measures. Environmental concern modified several of the effects of consequences on atti-tudes towards TDM measures, as well as influencing overall attitude. The gen-eral and practical implications of these findings for improving attitudes to such policies are also discussed.
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| 10. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable future urban mobility: using 'area development negotiations' for scenario assessment and participatory strategic planning.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. ; :36, s. 2203-2226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An examination of how land-use planning can proceed while emphasising sustainability in transport objectives is presented in the authors' view. It is vital that citizen preferences are assessed, and the `area development negotiation' method for obtaining such preferences is detailed within a case study framework. The method permits evaluations by various stakeholder groups of future urban mobility scenarios by means of multiattribute utility analyses. In order to illustrate the method, key results from a Swedish case study are presented, demonstrating that all interest groups with the exception of business representatives were aware of the importance of environmental factors and gave these factors greater weight than economic factors. Discussion focuses upon issues relevant to policy analysis, strategic planning including stakeholders, and upon issues relevant to the policy process, such as how the method can support and meaningfully engage the citizen in strategic planning
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