| 1. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Car user responses to travel demand management measures: Goal setting and choice of adaptation alternatives
- 2004
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Ingår i: Transportation Research D. ; :9, s. 263-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Travel demand management measures can be used to encourage car users to set car-use reduction goals when experiencing impairments in travel options. In forming plans to reduce car-use contingent on such goals, car users consider a range of adaptation alternatives including more efficient car use, suppressing trips, and switching travel mode. These adaptation alternatives, it may be argued, are implemented sequentially over time according to a cost-minimisation principle. A focus group study was conducted gauging the creativity of car-using households when contemplating adaptation alternatives, followed by an Internet-based questionnaire study in an attempt to obtain quantitative estimates of the size of car-use reduction goals and frequency of implementation of adaptation alternatives. The data revealed that the effects of travel demand management measures and trip purpose on the setting of car-use reduction goals were small. While the cost-minimisation principle seemed to dictate stated choices of adaptation alternatives, further research needs to examine the ways in which the principle must be qualified.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping the potential consequences of car-use reduction in urban areas
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. ; 13, s. 135-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy measures managing the demand for private car use are contemplated in urban areas all over the world. A first step in evaluating the effectiveness as well as the interrelated sociospatial consequences of travel demand manage-ment (TDM) measures is determining how their implementation changes the travel options faced by households in different segments. Geocoded travel diary data from Gothenburg, Sweden, are analysed with the aim of determining the number and type of trips by car to the city centre that would be affected by the introduction of traffic regulations varying spatially and temporally. Logistic re-gression analyses are performed to identify effects on different trip purposes, as well as individual and household characteristics related to changes in travel op-tions. The possible application of the results within a policy context and to other urban areas is discussed along with the potential implications for research into adaptation strategies adopted in response to the implementation of TDM meas-ures.
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| 4. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. ; , s. 57-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an internet survey, a random sample of 291 university employees living in Gothenburg, Sweden, reported their beliefs and evaluations of the consequences of implementing three travel demand management (TDM) measures varying from less to more coercive. The results showed that respondents differentiated amongst the TDM measures in terms of each measures expected consequences and that, when combining these beliefs with evaluations, a statistically signifi-cant proportion of variance was accounted for in attitudes to the TDM measures. Environmental concern modified several of the effects of consequences on atti-tudes towards TDM measures, as well as influencing overall attitude. The gen-eral and practical implications of these findings for improving attitudes to such policies are also discussed.
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| 5. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable future urban mobility: using 'area development negotiations' for scenario assessment and participatory strategic planning.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environment and Planning A. ; :36, s. 2203-2226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An examination of how land-use planning can proceed while emphasising sustainability in transport objectives is presented in the authors' view. It is vital that citizen preferences are assessed, and the `area development negotiation' method for obtaining such preferences is detailed within a case study framework. The method permits evaluations by various stakeholder groups of future urban mobility scenarios by means of multiattribute utility analyses. In order to illustrate the method, key results from a Swedish case study are presented, demonstrating that all interest groups with the exception of business representatives were aware of the importance of environmental factors and gave these factors greater weight than economic factors. Discussion focuses upon issues relevant to policy analysis, strategic planning including stakeholders, and upon issues relevant to the policy process, such as how the method can support and meaningfully engage the citizen in strategic planning
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| 6. |
- Loukopoulos, Peter, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the process of adaptation to car-use reduction goals
- 2006
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Ingår i: Transportation Research F. ; 9:2, s. 115-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two studies are reported examining the adaptations people make in order to achieve car-use reduction goals set in response to travel demand management (TDM) measures. Study 1 examined retrospective reports of actual behavioural adaptations made in response to the introduction of the Trondheim toll ring. Building upon the first study, Study 2 was an internet survey requiring respondents to state the frequency with which they would adopt various adaptation alternatives were they required to adapt to a small, medium, or large car-use reduction goal. The frequency with which a particular adaptation is implemented was found to vary with trip purpose and with size of reduction goal. The results were interpreted in the light of a modified cost-minimisation principle of adaptation.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Lars E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Use of Subsidies for the Abatement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Experimental Simulations
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Environment. ; , s. 184-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A market experiment was designed to empirically investigate the potential effectiveness of a governmental subsidy system to reduce sales and therefore production of environmentally harmful products. The important issue of whether the subsidy system preserves competitiveness was also examined. In the experiment two levels of a subsidy for unsold units were compared with no subsidy. To simulate the way in which subsidy levels may vary across time in real markets, the effects of high and low uncertainty regarding the subsidy level were also investigated. The results showed that subsidies, whether known and fixed or uncertain and varying, did not erode competition but nevertheless led to higher prices, which resulted in fewer sales. In the control condition a price war resulting in decreasing prices and increasing sales were observed. Several ways in which the proposed subsidy system may be implemented in the transport sector and other sectors are discussed. It is suggested that subsidies may make the adjustment process toward sustainable production less costly for the regulated parties.
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